A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Pilates and Acupuncture

Chronic low back pain is the diagnosis for individuals who have been suffering from acute back pain but have not showed any signs of improving.In a manner of speaking, chronic low back pain occurs when an individual’s acute back pain has reached the duration of 91 days without improvement (Bogduk & McGuirk, 2002). Chronic low back pain has various treatments, and this research aims to determine which is appropriate.According to Colleen Craig (2001), pilates exercises abdominal muscles, and one of these abdominal muscles, if properly attended to, can prevent chronic low back pain. Acupuncture, on the other hand, is also used for the treatment of low back pain (Liao, Lee, & Ng, 1994).Problem Statement and HypothesisThis study intends to determine whether or not pilates and acupuncture produce better results than that of traditional lumbar stabilization exercises for the treatment of chronic low back pain. The hypothesis of this research is that alternative methods, such as pilat es and acupuncture, are superior over the traditional lumbar stabilization exercises in treating chronic low back pain.AssumptionFor this research, it is assumed that pilates and acupuncture produce better results than that of the traditional lumbar stabilization exercises when it comes to treating patients with chronic low back pain.Purpose and SignificanceThis study aims to compare other modes of therapy to the traditional lumbar stabilization exercises and to determine whether other modes of therapy, specifically pilates and acupuncture, can help improve the conditions of patients who have chronic low back pain.The significance of the study is that it can provide information about which physical therapy is appropriate for individuals who have chronic low back pain. New information about various treatments can help enhance physical therapy and produce better results.Nature of Study and Theoretical FrameworkAn integration of quantitative and qualitative methods will be conducted th roughout the course of the study. The use of quantitative methods is vital for these will determine the empirical data that will contribute to the accuracy of the study. On the other hand, through the use of qualitative methods, the study will be able to provide insight on what the patients think of the aforementioned treatments.Research QuestionsThis study aims to address the following:Which treatment is more effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain? Why is the treatment more effective than the other treatments? What are the pros and cons of alternative treatments for chronic low back pain?   Definition of TermsChronic back pain – the condition wherein the individual has been suffering from acute back pain and has not shown any signs of improving after the duration of 91 days (Bogduk & McGuirk, 2002).Pilates – a â€Å"system of exercises† (Breibart, 2005, p. 3) that helps to stretch and strengthen the body as well as improve its posture and tone (B reibart, 2005).Acupuncture – the insertion of â€Å"hair-fine needles† (Tierney, 1999, p. 1) into certain areas of the body in order to stimulate the healing capacity of the individual’s body (Tierney, 1999).

A Media Event

We hope â€Å"Live Wire Media† needs no introduction to you. We are glad to observe from our records that the top officials of your Organization have been attending the annual Event, â€Å"Brainstorming Session† for the management executives from different types of manufacturing Organizations.The goal of such Organizations is simple and direct. To care for the customers and sell more! This truth is known for a well-informed, progressive Organization like yours. Here we are presenting you the details about our 4th â€Å"Brainstorming Session.†Ã‚   Why again you need to choose â€Å"Live Wire Media† for the workshop of this genre?That which is evident requires no elaboration or appreciation. For example, light is bright; and it is evident. Milk is white; and it is evident. Simply say, â€Å"Live Wire Media†Ã¢â‚¬â€and everything is evident to the who’s who of the business world. You know about our contribution to your growth by your participati on in our â€Å"Brainstorming Sessions† in the past.A special team headed by our Chief Public Relations Officer has delivered the invitation card at your office this morning. Kindly be informed that due to limited number of seats, two representatives from each Organization are expected to attend the session. The two-day session lasting for sixteen hours has been divided into eight parts and the duration of each session is for two hours. The brochure attached to the invitation provides further details.An advance copy of the souvenir, â€Å"WE REACH† to be released on the occasion is sent herewith for your information and guidance. We thank you for the valuable contribution of the article by your Managing director, â€Å"Have a will to grow, and grow you will!† Industry veterans of thirty four Companies from abroad have confirmed their participation in the session and they are all giant multinationals.The Electronic and Print Media will be present in strength to c over the deliberations of this event. We request you to send two copies of presentation from your Organization, at least one week before the scheduled event, so that the highlights of your valued submissions can be addressed by the chair. We expect, the ideal submission will be around 5 pages, though no restrictions are placed as for the length of the submission. Please feel free to write your well-researched views.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though â€Å"Live Wire Media† arranges about 40 such meetings, in a year, â€Å"Brainstorming Session† is our   flagship event that invites the attention of business organizations, world-over. Some of the important benefits of participation are,1. Showcase your new products and be involved in the give-and-take trends. Build new relationships and strengthen the existing relationships.2. The attached spacious hall to the conference venue has special arrangements for display of your latest products. Our trained sales-force is available to ass ist you, if need be.   This service is on payment basis.   Please seek more details from our Public Relations Officer.3. Exchange ideas and seek/solutions from the decision-makers.4. Gain technical knowledge about the new products.â€Å"We are committed in helping you build relationships with clients and major industry associations. We have the tools and resources available to provide you with the most effective ways to branch out your company, association or organizations.†(BNP†¦)On the eve of this conference we shall be issuing a sponsored press release, clubbing the various inputs to be provided by the participating organizations. To give the final shape to this release, we invite inputs from you for consolidation. No extra charges are expected for this exercise, and the expenses devolved on the advertisement, are covered in the participation fees. We are sure you will make use of this opportunity for public exposure of your innovative products. Mention something about your future expansion plans, from the global perspective. Kindly adhere to the deadline indicted in the brochure for submitting the inputs.References:BNP Media Events consisting of unique and valuable business meetings.. www.bnpevents.com/ – 19k – Cached – Retrieved on August 13, 2008  

A Combination of Liberal Arts and Christianity Essay

Two ways of thought and life are combined to make one learning environment. Liberal arts and Christianity seem like two separate concepts to most, but together they create a harmonious setting for an individual to grow in a multitude of ways. A Liberal Arts College creates a life long thinker that becomes adaptable to society using their knowledge to make decisions. In Holmes pg 35 he says, â€Å" Liberal education is an open invitation to join the human race and become more fully human. Its goals are to read and write and thereby think independently, and appreciation of lasting values coupled with the ability to make sound value judgements and live by them, a critical appreciation of the past and responsible creative participation in the future.† We are educated from kindergarden to 12th grade to learn the fundamentals of all subjects with hopes to impact the society as an educated citizen. This hope is continued if we choose to further our education in college with a specifi c emphasis on a major. Like many students with a major, Christians are faithful students that use the Bible to guide their daily lives, but to the rest of the world they can be viewed as sheltered and limited to their beliefs. This causes a hindering on effectiveness that Christian have in the community and a misunderstanding of the validity of their thoughts. in Holmes pg 6 he supports this thought by saying,† Unless we understand the thought and value-patterns of our day, as well as those of biblical revelation and the Christian community, and unless we speak fluently the language of our contemporaries, we tragically limit our effectiveness.â€Å" With a Christian College education is heightened by integrating literarary works, theories, and concepts to Christian commitment, moral, and faith making a collaboration of endless possibilities. This creates a well rounded opportunity for students to learn at a college with the strengths of both liberal arts and Christianity called a Christian College. We are not limited to any one way of thinking. As people we want to explore and question the how, what, where, and why’s of the world. The Christian College does not limit the ability of self perception or thought, but encourages the process. Using liberal arts to educate the Christian learner and further their insight in the world is a primary purpose of a Christian College. As stated in Holmes pg 8 â€Å"†¦integration of faith and learning remains the distinctive task of the Christion liberal arts college.† The worldview of Christianity should not be  limited to ones home, but incooperated throughout a persons education to further equipt them for a future that will continue to challenge and question their abilities. In support of this thought, On page 36 Holmes writes on the ever lasting benefits of education,† If the person, including what she becomes in this life, has an eternal destiny, then what I become in the process of education lives on forever†¦ Christian liberal arts education has an eternity in view.† For most, being a student is only a fragment of a lifetime. That is why the importance of receiving a well rounded education that a Christian College has to offer is essential to establish a foundation of education to apply to the remaining years of our lives. Learning with a purpose to become a reflective being, and value being, and a responsible agent will prepare an individual to step into the world and make educated, reasonable, and moral decisions. A reflective beings have a passion to learn, ask, and wonder which leads us to analyze and come up with our own thoughts of possibilities. Reflectiveness sometimes leads us to have a birds eye view of a thought as a whole as opposed to thinking in a narrow, closed minded way. Causing us to become more critical thinkers and nurture our natural inquisitions. Holmes states, â€Å" â€Å"To teach a person to read and write is to teach him to think for himself, to develop more fully the possession of his God-given powers. He becomes in fact, not just in possibility, a reflective, thinking being.† Next, as value being takes a worldview of everything important to them and acts on those thoughts and feelings for direction. In a Chirstian College we see those values as what God has created in the the reflection of Him, us. Actions we take have effects and the choices of those actions can not be learned by reading a book, but the foundations of values can guide a person towards a better outcome. Last, there is the need to be a responsible agent. As Christians we are accountable for our actions and are governed by our Lord Jesus Christ. Decisions of right and wrong are presented daily, but as a Christian going to a Christian College we are taught the principles of reasoning through education and guided with the righteous path God has called us to live. The world is filled with possibilities and opportunity, but it is the people we become with the help of a Christian College, that steers us on the road to a life of reflection, value, and responsibility. A Christian College provides a basis in creating a holistic person by incooperating faith with a liberal  arts education. To see life as one picture rather than a million tiny pieces in a puzzle can create a smoother transition from college to the real world. Often students face the delema of just figuring it out. There is no how to manual or direction guide of life. As Christians we look to the bible for answers and get the general idea of what should be done with digging into our faith, but the is an element of critical thinking that must be applied. That kind of thinking is learned though a Christian College. â€Å" If a person, including what she becomes in life, has an eternal destiny, then what I become in the process of education lives forever†¦Christian liberal arts education has an eternity in view.†(Holmes 36) No one person or book can teach us the do and don’ts in life, but a well round education can prepare us for a life of constant decisions and obst acle to overcome.

Development Is Impossible Without Industrialisation Essay

Development Is Impossible Without Industrialisation - Essay Example This paper will critically examine the statement that development is impossible without industrialization. Development has been defined as the process of acquiring and securing the freedoms that we have reasons to value. They make our life richer and allow us to be fuller social persons (Amartya Sen cited by Oden 2001). Development is a complex multidimensional process which cannot be addressed by economic growth alone. It must be approached with a dynamic perspective and the process of development is not the province of one nation. Nations have to cooperate and coordinate with one another. In Africa a large number of people fall below the extreme poverty line, which affects income, education and health. Unless the problem of poverty is resolved, no development can take place. This requires effective sustainable development which translates into jobs creation, education and health amenities. Sustainable development requires efficient, established and regular institutions and processes but most importantly it requires efficient industrial sectors. History provides sufficient evidence that industrial civilization brought about sustained prosperity. The Industrial Revolution brought all the development goals set forth at the UN Conference - clean water and sanitation, the elimination of disease, plentiful food (Tracinski, 2002). Industrial capitalism could make man’s physical environment healthier. Nations with large populations demonstrate a marked transformation and higher income growth. Development may vary across nations and may also vary over time, but development is impossible without industrialization. Nations benefit when they step into industrialization. Virtually every country that has experienced rapid growth in productivity and changes in life style over the last two hundred years has done so by industrializing (Murphy, Shleifer, & Vishny, 1998). Countries like

Southern Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Southern Company - Research Paper Example On the other hand, there is a need for assessment for setting objectives, which are parallel to a timeline; for instance, they may either be short-term or long term. Furthermore, this assessment involves identifying a vision statement, mission statements, and corporate objectives. In this case, leaders in Southern Company’s effectiveness in performance management there is a need to focus on long terms perception regarding the future of the organization. There is a need to focus on the leaders’ management of performance based on their role of organization towards the society, extent to which tactical objective has been achieved, and strategic business objectives. Therefore, the extent to which these objectives has been achieved based on the situation analysis focuses on the suggested strategic plan in the organization in terms of details of these objectives (Bleak & Fulmer, 2009). Effectiveness of formulation of performance management strategy focuses on assessment of re source allocation and management; in fact, these resources include financial, personnel, time, and technological support resources. There is a need to identify the chain of command and the substitute structures such as cross functional groups. Leaders’ effectiveness in formulation performance management strategy focuses on the process of assignment of responsibility regarding certain tasks or processes to individuals or teams. On the other hand, this evaluation focuses on management of processes such as monitoring results, comparing benchmarks and appropriate practices. Furthermore, there is a need for evaluating processes that involve efficacy and efficiency of controlling variances and process of adjusting necessary processes in the organizations. This evaluation focuses on the extent of implementing certain programs, which involves the acquisition of requisite resources, development of other processes such as training, testing, documentation, and integration with legacy pr ocesses. This evaluation also focuses on the direct interconnection between leadership development strategy and corporate strategy, which offered a significant benefit to an organization and employees. Moreover, concept applied by leaders in the organization, in the process of leadership development; in fact, this evaluation focuses establishing philosophy of leaders in establishing the meaning of employees at all levels of the organization (Bleak & Fulmer, 2009). There is also effectiveness in leadership development in terms of corporate planning and formulating business strategy. In this case, this focuses on leadership development in to business strategy based on the metrics of establishing a network in the leadership to business. Therefore, effectiveness of formulating strategies for performance management in terms of designing ways of reinforcing corporate strategy, which can facilitate ensuring linkage and success. Five Point Criteria for Evaluating Effectiveness of Talent Man agement Strategy and Collection of Data The first criteria of evaluating the effectiveness of a talent management strategy in organizations focus on the process of determining the talent requirements, which are strategically significant to the organization (Silzer &

Social responsibility as an international student Essay

Social responsibility as an international student - Essay Example To establish a standard mode of behavior, I should strive to get acquainted with the foreign culture and way of life. The first step involves the inner evaluation of my individual values that affect the day-to-day decision-making processes. These values guide me to gain more knowledge about my personal standards, my universal principles, and those of the community as well. In addition to that, ethics require me to evaluate the choices that I make, by establishing the possible impact of these choices to individuals or surrounding. These choices should encompass both the long and short-term consequences. It is however important for me to desist from judging others. It is extremely unethical to cast aspersions based on personal attitude and cultural belief. Ethics therefore requires me to discern what is right from that, which is wrong. Similarly, social responsibility begins with inner commitment to perform what is proper, right and good for the individual and the society. On the other hand, social responsibility is a determinant of how the community views an individual. The basic social responsibility of any international student is to portray a caring attitude not only towards oneself, but also towards the society. In showing care, I should participate in charitable activities such as visiting the sick in hospitals as well as helping to sustain the lives of the destitute. In the institutional framework, I can participate in environmental preservation exercises that aim at improving the lifestyles of other students in the institution. Through a caring attitude, I begin to master the ethical issues that relate to the institutional frameworks. Social responsibility requires adequate sense of competence and control. A major challenge that international students encounter is the lack of minority control in the institution. Competence is an indicator of quality leadership and ethical concern about the need for equality. It must be

Westpac exective summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Westpac exective summary - Essay Example Westpac has been able to focus its sustainability strategy on five key areas. Focusing on these areas has enhanced the corporation’s ability to remain amongst the top-rated sustainable organizations in the world. Conversely, the corporation’s strategy in financially positioning itself aims at a long-term strategy that incorporates a measurement criterion based on its capabilities and prospective trends that may influence the wider economy. Using this strategy, Westpac has maintained profitability despite high levels of operating costs. As a way of recognizing the important role played by internal capabilities, Westpac recognizes the importance of customers and employee satisfaction since these two strengthen an organization’s internal systems. Conversely, the corporation recognizes the role the external environment played on its profitability. Hence, Westpac was able to implement strategies that ensured profitability while minimizing risks during the global financial risks. In effect, Westpac implemented a strategy that led to a merger with St. George Bank, which increased revenues, profits, and dividends to its shareholders. Overall, Westpac should ensure that it utilized its internal capabilities and resources while understanding the value chain context in order to maintain its position as a leader in the banking

Credit crunch and banking sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Credit crunch and banking sector - Essay Example Credit crunch was a strange term for people in the UK. But the phrase has become common as the extreme shortage of credit or money has caused the cost of credit to rise sharply and has led the financial world to realize the seriousness of the situation. The root cause of the credit crunch had started earlier when the US interest rates increased from 1 percent to 5.35 percent during 2004 to 2006 that created a slowdown to the housing market. This was followed by the default in mortgage payments by individuals who could barely afford the payments even when they had to pay low interest rates. The rate of default on sub prime mortgages (high risk loans) offered to customers with no or poor credit histories increased to record levels and these defaults in mortgage payment had an impact throughout the financial systems because many of the mortgages were combined and sold to investors and banks around the world (Timeline: Credit crunch to downturn 2009). Recklessness in the economy for a considerable period of time is a major factor that causes credit crunch. A period of very cheap credit, low interest rates, irresponsible lending and rise in housing prices mostly leads to a tipping point when bad debts begin to emerge and credit becomes an expensive affair and price of housing tumbles paving way for a credit crunch. Credit crunch is a negative factor for business, especially for the banking sector because it is exposed to high levels of risk with bad debts.

Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Engineering - Essay Example Software requirements, 2. Software design, 3.Software construction, 4. Software testing, 5. Software maintenance, 6. Software configuration and management, 7. Software engineering management, 8. Software engineering process, 9. Software engineering tools and methods, 10. Software quality, and 11. Knowledge areas of related disciplines (Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Management, Mathematics, Project Management, Quality Management, Software Ergonomics, and Systems Engineering) (SWEBOK, 2004 p. 1-2). Software engineers, therefore, must be proficient with the latter knowledge areas to handle every software engineering projects properly, successfully and efficiently. The software engineering project being studied at hand is the Chat Application. According to the given case, the status of which is that there is an unexpected disappearing messages that caused the team one extra week to debug. Further, the Director for Software Services has the following comments, impressions and questions: 1. She is not pleased with the delay, 2. She comes to one of the status meetings to find out what happened, 3. She states, Your team has been testing this application for weeks and didnt find any problems, 4. She asked, Why didnt you find the problem sooner?, and 5. She also asked, Is there any way we can kept this from happening again? As a member of the team, she wants you to discuss the following: 1. Your opinion on testing, 2. Whether an application that passes testing is free from errors, 3. Whether it is possible to design a test that will find all potential errors in the Chat Application, 4. What other techniques or strategies can developers use in conjunction with testing. Software testing consists of the dynamic verification of the behavior of a program on a finite set of test cases, suitably selected from the usually infinite executions domain, against the expected behavior.†(SWEBOK, 2004 p. 5-1) Based on the above authoritative

Health Services and Medicine Childhood Obesity Essay

Health Services and Medicine Childhood Obesity - Essay Example Childhood obesity in Kansas is rampant and considered a disease because it endangers healthy lifestyles within the city and the nation. There is global concern about the health of children and menace of childhood obesity. In America, Kansas City data shows that 31 percent of low-income children below five years of age are suffering from overweight or obese. Statistics has it that 41 percent of school-going children are obese and in the early stages of developing diabetes. Federal and state government through the Medicare system provides health care assistance to the affected individuals to address obesity-related conditions (Nelson et al., 2015). With the advancement of healthcare services and information technology, there are various technological applications implemented to reduce obesity problems. The use of the application software on the Smartphone, for instance, can be fundamental to linking doctors to monitor patient progress. That, consequently, reduces the prevalence of obesity problems. The editorials and the media campaigns educate people by creating awareness on obesity control and prevention. There are other practices limiting obesity such as the indulgence in rigorous physical activities to monitor the body mass. Smartphone Application in Obesity Control The uses of mobile technologies can help prevent and reduce the rate of childhood obesity in Kansas.

State Board for Educator Certification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

State Board for Educator Certification - Essay Example This is an ethical code safeguards the innocence of the pupils. Teachers are expected to protect their students for sexual exploitation. However, they are supposed to educate then on sex education being very cautious not to create an impression that may affect the student’s psychology. In the Texas ethical codes of conduct, teachers are therefore expected to refrain from soliciting and or engaging in sexual conduct or romantic relationship with a student.I discussed these issues with the dean of student’s affairs in my campus; he confessed that during his long service in this position to have experienced such cases. However a majority of cases were solved internally. However, a number of cases had been forwarded to the board because the complainants felt that they had not been accorded enough justice through the campus dispute committee. Unethical conduct toward professional colleagues:In most campuses across our district interactions between staff members are generally amiable, and where they are not, they are professional at the very least. The existing code of ethical standards guides against making false accusations or allusions about coworkers, observing school policies in regard to appointment, appraising, and dismissing staffs, not infringing with coworkers’ political or citizenship rights, discrimination against colleagues , among others. However, in special instances, teachers ask favors of each other that may be unethical. In fact, peer pressure is the most common form.... In the Texas ethical codes of conduct, teachers are therefore expected to refrain from soliciting and or engaging in sexual conduct or romantic relationship with a student. I discussed these issues with the dean of student’s affairs in my campus; he confessed that during his long service in this position to have experienced such cases. However a majority of cases were solved internally. However, a number of cases had been forwarded to the board because the complainants felt that they had not been accorded enough justice through the campus dispute committee. Unethical conduct toward professional colleagues: In most campuses across our district interactions between staff members are generally amiable, and where they are not, they are professional at the very least. The existing code of ethical standards guides against making false accusations or allusions about coworkers, observing school policies in regard to appointment, appraising, and dismissing staffs, not infringing with c oworkers’ political or citizenship rights, discrimination against colleagues , among others. However, in special instances, teachers ask favors of each other that may be unethical. In fact, peer pressure is the most common form of coercion, witnessed among teacher colleagues and is occasionally effective. This, in most cases puts the teacher requested in situation of breaching the set ethical standards. Week 2 Assignment, Part 3: School District Policies and Procedures The web address where your district’s human resources and personnel policies are located http://www.tea.state.tx.us/portals.aspx?id=2147484909 Briefly reflect on what you learned in reviewing these policies and procedures. I learnt that every state has its own unique policies; however, these policies are

The Unique Categorical Imperative of Kant Essay Example for Free

The Unique Categorical Imperative of Kant Essay Morality appears to us as a concrete term which is underscored by certain rational assumptions about the universe. And yet, our own experience tells us that that which one considers to be vice may, to another, be seen as virtue. The reverse may also apply. Thus, it is rather difficult to reconcile that which does in fact define our cause for moral behavior, though all figures of importance to the historical discourse on philosophy have ventured a framework. The 18th century in particular would witness a flurry of activity, with the latter generation of the Enlightenment Era providing a spirited exchange across decades of literature on that which inspires moral behavior. In our investigation here of the various possible lenses through which to understand morality, consideration of German theologian Immanuel Kant’s 1785 Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals provides basic understanding for the discussion of morality from the normative perspective. Such is to say that Kant’s will be the most rigid, socially constrained and dangerous of understandings, but nonetheless, totally unique in its orientation and provisions for its time and place. At the center of Kant’s argument is the premise that the same reason which applies to the empirical nature of scientific discourse must rationally apply in the same way to ethical discourse. His perspective toward scientific certainty would mark a unique and original bridging of worlds between the corporeal and the ideological. Accordingly, Kant contends that â€Å"physics will have its empirical part, but it will also have a rational one; and likewise ethics – although here the empirical part might be called specifically practical anthropology, while the rational part might properly be called morals. † (Kant, 20) To Kant, previous ideals on ethical autonomy are threatening to social order, representing the opportunity for the individual to devise his own ethical parameters. The rationality of scientific practicality denotes, to Kant, instead a heteronomous orientation whereby there is a connective tissue of ethicality common to all men and women, restraining and directing behaviors. Kant defines autonomy as the ability to act based on one’s own volition. Heteronomy, on the other hand, is a common set of social forces inclining individuals to tend toward common motives and common actions. Accordingly, Kant lays out a concise framework for justice, admonishing that â€Å"the categorical imperative, which declares the action to be objectively necessary without referring to any end in view. . . . holds as an apodictic practical principle. † (Kant, p. 18) The ‘categorical imperative’ to which Kant refers is foundational to the normative theory suggesting that there is some immutable force associated with our conception and actualization of the idea of ‘good’ or ‘evil. ’ It inclines us to understanding that the means by which we behave are inherently informed by our commitment to a single, shared and unchanging idea about what is right. To commit to this idea is practical reason and to fail to make this commitment is irrational, which allows Kant to propose that such a positive correlation could be observed between rationality and morality. . This contrasts the idea of utilitarianism, which proposes that all situations demand a certain degree of pragmatism with respect to behavior. This throws into chaos the moral presuppositions of Kant, with such thinkers as Bentham and Mill coming to the fore of the discussion. In utilitarian philosophy, it is imperative that morality be channeled through an understanding of context and the nuances of society human interaction. By contrast to this view of morality, Kant provides deep ideological refusal for what he might argue is mere ethical laxity. Kant presents this argument that moral order is impossible to define without permanent standards that are shaped by man’s dignity, denoting therefore that it is only reasonable to act in cooperation with this conception for one’s own self-preservation. If Kant’s points are to be assimilated when adopting a moral stance which is consistent with man’s dignity, such absolute terms are inevitably defined by dominant social structures, bringing us to the application of a normative theoretical structure. The inextricable relationship which theology and morality have shared throughout history tends to have a tangible impact on the way these hegemonic standards are defined. And Kant, rejects any flexibility outright, however. Beyond its deviation from his established disposition toward moral absolutes, such variation violates Kant’s maxim about man as an end rather than a means. Man is to be the motive for moral acts, with his dignity defining right and wrong. Indeed, as he pointedly phrases it, â€Å"the laws of morality are laws according to which everything ought to happen; they allow for conditions under which what ought to happen doesn’t happen. † (Kant, 1) To my view, this demonstrates Kant’s approach to be both unrealistic and unattractive to the nuance and flexibility of human social systems and individual ideological orientations. Absent of these characteristics, ethicality becomes an empty term and morality a weapon against minority ideologies. Works Cited: Kant, Immanuel. 1785. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Jonathan Bennett. Preferred language style: English(U. S. ) A. Explain the originality uniqueness of Kants ethical theory by:1)explaining kants general critcism of previous ethical theories 2)defining how kant distinguishes between autonomy heterononmy 3)explaining kants formulation of the `catergorical imperative. ` 4)explaining how adherence to the categorical imperative provides for autonomous ethical choice. B. Reflect on Kants ethical theory by:1)supporting a position on how kants theory on ethical decision making is correct or incorrect with personal thought. 2)supporting your position with evidence from the text

A Competitive And Strategic Corporate Analysis Marketing Essay

A Competitive And Strategic Corporate Analysis Marketing Essay Introduction The airline industry is one of the most difficult business sectors where competition has proven to be extremely difficult among the many different competing airline services available around the world. Many airline services in the past have experienced disastrous business cycle, timeliness and overcapacity issues. Moreover, the different airline services also complain of their experienced difficulty in differentiating themselves from competition. These airline services also maintain such high-risk profiles because of such high expectations from their customers (Wirt, Heracleous Pangarkar, 2007). Singapore Airlines, one of the strongest and famous airline service providers, remains to be one of the most profitable airline companies in the world today. Several reasons can be attributed to the huge success that Singapore Airlines enjoys today. One is its strong brand management strategies driven mainly by its excellent line-up of top-management and boardroom employees. Singapore Airlines is composed of many dedicated and professional employees both in its front and back-end office who serve as the drivers of its solid brand strategy (Roll, M. 2010). Singapore Airlines is truly a global and diversified organization unified by one aim of delivering excellent quality and service to its customers. What separates this airline from other airline service companies is its heavy investment in building and maintaining its solid brand equity. The Singapore Airlines brand is known for its consistency in delivering its primary message to its consumers which is Singapore Airlines- A great way to fly coupled with its dedicated and honest delivery of that communication message to its consumers (Roll, M. 2010). The brand strategy of the Singapore Airlines is centered on its world-class in-flight experience: the warmth and hospitality of the Singapore Girl, its excellent service and its focus on the customer. Whereas other competing airline services also tried to pursue the path that Singapore Airlines has taken, no other airline has matched Singapore Airlines in terms of its honest commitment and consistency in delivering its brand promise to its consumers (Roll, M. 2010). As a result, the Singapore Airlines brand managed to deliver excellent financial results through its three-fold strategy: a.) Avoiding knee-jerk reactionary behaviors on any price changes and consistently deliver the brand benefits in order to maintain a high revenue b.) Cut down the costs by pursuing ownership of the best yet most cost-efficient aircrafts and properly responding to increases in fuel prices and c.) Remaining true to the brand in terms of consistency in delivering service to drive up profits (Roll, M. 2010). Background This report-based paper on the Competitive and Strategic Corporate Analysis of the Singapore Airlines aims to evaluate the Singapore Airlines actual application of the various analytical and planning tools in Strategic Management. This paper will also discuss the overall strategic posture of Singapore Airlines at the corporate level, that is, whether it is pursuing a global strategy, multi-domestic strategy, international strategy or transnational strategy. Also, this paper will also evaluate whether the companys management structure and philosophy is aligned with its overall strategic posture. Finally, this paper will come up with a list of recommendations with regard to the companys strategic focus. Several recommendations will be presented in order for the company to improve and maintain its competitive position. In order to achieve these objectives, the author of this paper will gather certain company documents such as its annual report in order to evaluate Singapore Airlines current financial position. Then the current growth efforts and focus of the company will be carefully looked into as well, that is, whether the company initiated some organizational and cultural changes in the past decade as part of its growth strategies. Major Sections A. To which extent does the annual report or other company documentation reflect the implicit or explicit  application of analytical and planning tools from the discipline of  strategic management? The 2009 Annual Report of Singapore Airlines reflected the overall financial performance of the company from the year 2008-2009. The financial report indicated a total of $1,062 million net profit which, based on the report, could have been higher and better if not for the global economic crisis that caused the airline to underperform financially on the last quarter of 2009 (SIA Annual Report 2008/09, 2010). Nevertheless, despite these financial challenges that the company experienced in the latter part of 2009, Singapore Airlines still continued to consistently deliver excellent products and services. It managed to build new lie-flat seats in the Business Class section which were designed for medium-haul and regional routes. It also managed to install iPod connectivity in some of its aircrafts (SIA Annual Report 2008/09, 2010). Moreover, the company remained its high focus on cost management to keep its balance sheet strongly stable. But instead of cutting costs when it comes to people development and management efforts, it kept investing on building and improving its internal infrastructures and systems as well as in developing and training its people (SIA Annual Report 2008/09, 2010). To a large extent, the annual report of the Singapore Airlines for 2009 explicitly reflected the various analytical and planning strategic management tools that the company utilized in order to achieve its organizational goals. For one, Singapore Airlines managed to analyze its own strengths and weaknesses vis-à  -vis its competitors and the top management keenly identified which value chain elements are important for the company and which ones are dispensable (Rigby, D. 2009). Despite the financial challenges the company experienced in 2009 such as the fuel price increases brought about by the economic crisis, the company remained true to its prudent fuel hedging strategy. As a result, the company incurred huge losses which the company regained immediately by implementing strict measures in cost management (SIA Annual Report 2008/09, 2010). Nevertheless, the company continued its focus on executing dynamic pricing strategies, providing more value-added promotions and packages which are still designed to earn the loyalty and trust of their customers. All these efforts, being at the core of the strategic management tools Singapore Airlines utilized, is what maintained the strong position of the company in the year 2009. B. Would you encourage the company to focus on growth efforts on emerging markets bearing in mind her organizaton culture and the changes that have occurred in the industry in the last decade? Yes. Singapore Airlines must redirect its growth efforts on emerging markets as it is already an established airline service brand, known around the world for its world-class products and services. In fact, today, this is the strategic route that Singapore Airlines must already be taking. According to Ng, M. (2010), the emerging markets in Asia, for instance, are expected to increase in terms of travel growth in the year 2010. There is a continuously growing opportunity for low-cost airline service brands to tap the increasing demand of emerging Asian markets for low-cost carriers. Given this demand, this is also an opportunity for Singapore Airlines to tap the travel opportunities of the emerging Asian market. In the past five years, the trend is increasingly shifting to practicability in travelling rather than luxury. In fact, the emerging markets need and demand is not really a luxurious means of travelling but more on a practical one, i.e., moving from one destination to another. At most, the needs of the consumers from the emerging markets are safety and comfort that is at par with other high-cost carriers. In tapping this huge number of consumers from the emerging market, Singapore Airlines can introduce its very first low-cost carrier carrying its brand name and its excellent service minus some consumer perks. C. How would you describe the companys strategic posture at the corporate level? Is it pursuing a global strategy, a multi-domestic strategy, an international strategy, or a transnational strategy? Based on the definition provided by Zwass, V. (1998) on what transnational strategy means, an organization which applies transnational strategy is focused both on its domestic/local and the global strategies. The strategies in the local or domestic level are directly tied in or in line with the overall global strategies of the entire organization. An organization which utilizes transnational strategy applies an integration of its global business activities with its domestic or local activities. Currently, the Singapore Airlines is not only focusing its efforts on its global strategies, specifically its vital strategies in maintaining its position in the international scene, but also in its local strategies. Furthermore, Singapore Airlines is also considered a transnational organization because of its consistent adaptation to various environmental and economic situations and its capitalization in knowledge and value-added information (Zwass, V. 1998). Singapore Airlines also entered into several strategic alliances with its suppliers, customers and some business partners like for instance, iPod connectivity which was recently installed in some airbuses of Singapore Airlines. This strategic partnership resulted to value-added services and additional competencies which served as the companys competitive edge versus its competitors. D. Does the companys management structure and philosophy aligned with her overall strategic posture? Singapore Airlines management structure and philosophy are closely aligned with the companys overall strategic posture. As defined by Zwass, V. (1998), transnational strategy is a specific management approach wherein the global business activities of the company are integrated with the domestic strategies. This management approach is applied through maintaining an interdependence and close cooperation with partners, subsidiaries and customers. Moreover, a transnational organization is highly collaborating with other independent, potential partner firms in order to deliver certain services and products in the market. This is what Singapore Airlines is continually trying to achieve when it comes to providing value-adding products and services into the market. For instance, Singapore Airlines is a partner of Star Alliance Network, in order to deliver certain perks and benefits to certain customers which availed of that service. Any Star Alliance Gold Member who rode in Singapore Airlines, will be granted a priority passage, priority waitlisting, priority check-in and boarding, priority airport standby and extra baggage allowance (Singapore Airlines, 2010). The different strategic alliances that the company engages in and the overall management structure that Singapore Airlines currently has is one proof that it is a certified transnational organization that is directly in line with achieving its corporate philosophy. E. Make specific recommendations for the company either to maintain her position or improve her position  without undermining the environmental changes and her competitive position. Singapore Airlines must maintain its current strategic posture, that is, its application of transnational strategies because that is the primary reason for its top position and market leadership in the airline industry. What separates Singapore Airlines from other directly competing airline companies is its responsiveness both in the international or global pressures and the demands of the local and domestic market. In order to improve its current position however, Singapore Airlines must continue to improve its current management structure and make it more flexible so that the facilitation and passing on of critical information from one unit to another is smooth-flowing. Also, Singapore Airlines must focus and redirect its growth efforts into eyeing and looking into other market expansion opportunities which provide them the opportunity to expand not only internationally but also domestically. One possible source of market expansion for Singapore Airlines is the increasing travel growth demand in emerging Asian markets. For the past years, Singapore Airlines has been focusing on tapping international markets in Europe but today, it must redirect its efforts into tapping other emerging markets which demand low-cost carriers. Conclusion Singapore Airlines remains to be one of the strongest and most profitable airline service providers in the world today because of a number of reasons. One is its strong brand management strategies mainly driven by its dedicated and professional employees both in its front and back-end office. Another reason is because of the companys unique management structure that is in line with the achievement of its corporate philosophy which is service excellence and consumer focus. The third and possibly the main reason for the companys huge success is its application of the transnational strategy. Defined as the specific management approach wherein the global business activities of the company are integrated with the domestic strategies, Singapore Airlines has so successfully utilized this strategy in order to gain strategic prominence in the airline industry. Because of Singapore Airlines application of this specific management approach, it gained a strong network of alliances and cooperative network of alliances from among various types partner firms, subsidiaries, and even suppliers. As a result of Singapore Airlines openness for collaboration and partnership with other independent firms and suppliers, it was able to successfully deliver certain services and products which became value-adding for their own customers. Merely responding to the needs of the global market is not enough to achieve strategic success and prominence today, without the aid and support of other independent firms and subsidiaries and forming strategic alliances with them, Singapore Airlines could not possibly make it as a truly global leader in the airline industry. Recommendations In order to retain the strong global position and market leadership of Singapore Airlines, the company must fully embrace its application of the transnational strategies. The fact that Singapore Airlines is a transnational organization was the primary reason for its top position and market leadership in the airline industry. Being the transnational organization that Singapore Airlines is now, it gave the company a broader strategic and competitive advantage compared to other directly competing airline service provider that is why it must retain and improve further its application of this specific management approach and strategy. First, Singapore Airlines must continue to improve its current management structure and transform it into a full-blown transnational organization consisting of flexible units/departments and subsidiaries in order to allow a smoother facilitation of critical information which is important for a company occupying the top position. Second, Singapore Airlines must focus and redirect its growth efforts into tapping other market opportunities not only internationally but also domestically. One possible source of this market expansion is the increasing travel growth demand in emerging Asian markets whose demand is centered on practicality over luxury travelling. In order to broaden its existing market, Singapore Airlines must offer low-cost carriers which would cater specifically to the growing and fast-emerging Asian market of travelers.

Chancellor Of Germany Compared To Britains Prime Minister Politics Essay

Chancellor Of Germany Compared To Britains Prime Minister Politics Essay The Chancellor of Germany The federal government consists of the chancellor and his or her cabinet ministers. As explained above, the Basic Law invests the chancellor with central executive authority. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a chancellor democracy. The chancellors authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from his or her status as leader of the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag. Every four years, after national elections and the seating of the newly elected Bundestag members, the federal president nominates a chancellor candidate to that parliamentary body; the chancellor is elected by majority vote in the Bundestag. The Basic Law limits parliaments control over the chancellor and the cabinet. Unlike most parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor simply with a vote of no-confidence. In the Weimar Republic, this procedure was abused by parties of both political extremes in order to oppose chancellors and undermine the democratic process. As a consequence, the Basic Law allows only for a constructive vote of no-confidence. That is, the Bundestag can remove a chancellor only when it simultaneously agrees on a successor. This legislative mechanism ensures both an orderly transfer of power and an initial parliamentary majority in support of the new chancellor. The constructive no-confidence vote makes it harder to remove a chancellor because opponents of the chancellor not only must disagree with his or her governing but also must agree on a replacement. As of 1995, the Bundestag had tried to pass a constructive no-confidence vote twice, but had succeeded only once. In 1972 the opposition parties tried to replace Chancellor Willy Brandt of the SPD with the CDU party leader because of profound disagreements over the governments policies toward Eastern Europe. The motion fell one vote shy of the necessary majority. In late 1982, the CDU convinced the FDP to leave its coalition with the SPD over differences on economic policy and to form a new government with the CDU and the CSU. The constructive no-confidence vote resulted in the replacement of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt with Helmut Kohl, the CDU party leader. Observers agree that the constructive no-confidence vote has increased political stability in Germany. The chancellor also may make use of a second type of no-confidence vote to garner legislative support in the Bundestag. The chancellor can append a simple no-confidence provision to any government legislative proposal. If the Bundestag rejects the proposal, the chancellor may request that the president dissolve parliament and call new elections. Although not commonly used, this procedure enables the chancellor to gauge support in the Bundestag for the government and to increase pressure on the Bundestag to vote in favor of legislation that the government considers as critical. Furthermore, governments have employed this simple no-confidence motion as a means of bringing about early Bundestag elections. For example, after Kohl became chancellor through the constructive no-confidence vote in August 1982, his government purposely set out to lose a simple no-confidence provision in order to bring about new elections and give voters a chance to validate the new government through a democr atic election. Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions. First, the chancellor principle makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies. Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellors broader guidelines. Second, the principle of ministerial autonomy entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the ministers policies are consistent with the chancellors larger guidelines. Third, the cabinet principle calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet. The chancellor determines the composition of the cabinet. The federal president formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, at the recommendation of the chancellor; no Bundestag approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor Ludwig Erhard had the largest cabinet, with twenty-two ministers, in the mid-1960s. Kohl presided over seventeen ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994. The power of the smaller coalition partners, the FDP and the CSU, was evident from the distribution of cabinet posts in Kohls government in 1995. The FDP held three ministriesthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, and Ministry for Economics. CSU members led four ministriesthe Ministry of Finance, Ministry for Health, Ministry for Post and Telecommunications, and Ministry for Economic Cooperation. The staff of a cabinet minister is managed by at least two state secretaries, both of whom are career civil servants responsible for the ministrys administration, and a parliamentary state secretary, who is generally a member of the Bundestag and represents the ministry there and in other political forums. Typically, state secretaries remain in the ministry beyond the tenure of any one government, in contrast to the parliamentary state secretary, who is a political appointee and is viewed as a junior member of the government whose term ends with the ministers. Under these top officials, the ministries are organized functionally in accordance with each ones specific responsibilities. Career civil servants constitute virtually the entire staff of the ministries. The British Prime Minister The power of the British Prime Minister can be institutional, political, and personal, which means depending on his or her personality. The institutional powers derive from his or her duties; so the prime minister: Is the Head of Government Is the Chairman of the cabinet Chooses Cabinet ministers Nominates other governments members (ministers that dont belong to the Cabinet) Can reshuffle ministers Has the power of dismissal for both Cabinet and government ministers Is the one responsible for his nation in its domestic and international affairs Has patronage to elect people in several public, judicial, and ecclesiastic offices Is the head of the Civil Service Can dismiss the parliament and call for political elections. For how it concern political powers, a Prime Minister is chosen by his or her party and so he or she is also the leader of the majority party within the Parliament. This means that no one can become Prime Minister without a given party support and without a relatively long parliamentary career. Therefore, the strength of the Prime Minister depends on how high it is his control over his party. The strongest he is as the party leader, the more authoritative he is being the Prime minister and vice versa. In reality, prime ministers do not exercise power in the same way: some of them may be decisive and innovators while others may prefer a more conciliating approach. The flexibility of the British parliamentary system allows strong premierships to merge and govern. According to Almond, a Prime Minister is chosen by his or her party for an indefinite term and is thus vulnerable to losing office if its confidence wanes (168). The British prime minister can be forced to resign because of health or political reasons, and just in the second after war this happened seven times: in 1955 Winston Churchill resigned for Anthony Eden; in 1957 Anthony Eden resigned for Macmillan; in 1963 Alec Douglas-Home replaced Macmillan; in 1976 Callaghan replaced Wilson; in 1990 Major took the place of Margaret Thatcher; in 2007 Tony Blair resigned for Gordon Brown whose place was took in 2010 by David Cameron. Therefore, the Prime Minister isnt a priori guaranteed to be stable while in charge. His stability depends on his capacity to maintain control over the parliamentary majority and over the Cabinet, but its just a political capability, not a position acquired by his office or by an electoral legitimacy (like for example in Italy). In fact, the Prime Minister is not chosen by the electorate but by his or her party. Conservative and Labor party have different rules to revoke their Prime Minister: the conservative party needs the 15% of signatures of the parliamentary group to propose a no-confident vote while the labor needs the 20% plus other rigid protections.

Palestine And Isreal Conflict Essay -- essays research papers

Territorial disputes over which religion should have control over the holy lands have been ongoing for about two thousand years with little to no resolution in sight. Everyday, on the news, there is a story about how there was retaliation over the killing of a Palestinian or Israeli. As a result of these more are killed leading to the cyclical pattern of retribution. This conflict has diminutive weight in the eyes of the people of the world since it has been carried on for so long. The argument for both groups is a claim that Jerusalem is the rightful possession of their religion and the key to the survival of their cultures. Promises for peace are frequent but never upheld by either side. As the everyday struggle for peace continues little is accomplished to up hold that pledge for peace to end the violence and hate. The shouting voices of the Palestinian People in the streets cry out in anger, †Down the olive branch, long live the gun.† There is more to the never endin g holy war than that of which the media allows us to see, the fear and loathing for that of a better life. The trifling stories of the individual are frequently untold even though they are a transgression committed against personal liberties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the rest of the world gets involved it becomes a much more complicated affair than if people were to leave it alone for the two countries to work it out between themselves. The Palestinians and the Israelis could view intervention as siding with one side or the other leading to defensiveness and therefor slowing down or sometimes halting any progress that may have been made. Since the late 1940’s the Untied Nations has become increasingly more involved in order to put and end to the human suffering of the people in that region. By having the two groups send representatives to the Netherlands, which is seen as a non-partisan territory that would be less intrusive in negotiations. The United Nations and the Palestinian Liberation Organization have assembled and come to resolutions that were thought to be in the best interest of each of the countries in order to instill peace and bring order to the region. By this process there has been much animosity bui lding within the population with civilians killing soldiers and vice versa as seen on the news reports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In around the year 750 A.C.E the A... ...and being helpful and non-intrusive in the peace making process. Since the UN General Assembly met in 1947 and recommended that the land be partitioned among the two groups. In this the Jewish people took less land than they originally had previously wished to control. The PLO was formed of the different Arab groups that wanted to control the Israeli occupied territory. This is an example of how intervention from groups could be used to further their cause. In 1974 the UN recognizes the PLO as a legitimate representative body of the Palestinian people and therefore fueling the nationalism within the hearts of its people which is good for their cause. After the Israelis had defeated the Arabic aggressors they then were forced by the UN to return the settlements taken in the war. This action would not have been taken if the Arabs were to win. The PLO would have let them keep the lands since their primary goal was to destroy Israeli. Because of these efforts to maintain peace it is a better premise than if it were to be left up to the factions to settle disputes for themselves. The UN has used their influence to pursue a more peaceful resolution and to save the lives of the citizens.

Racism In America Essay -- Race Racism

Racism In America Racism (n): the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other race (Wordnet search, 1), a controversial topic in today’s society, a subject that many people try to sweep under the rug, but yet a detrimental problem that has been present in America since the colonial era. Will this dilemma come to a halt? Can all Americans see each other as equals despite their skin color and nationality; and what role has it played in past generations versus today’s generations and how will it affect our future? Has this on going way of thinking gotten better or worse? These are questions raised when many think about the subject; especially members of American ethnic groups and backgrounds, because most have dealt with racial discrimination in their life time. Since the beginning of colonization, America has been controlled by religiously and ethically diverse whites. The most profound cases of racism in the â€Å"United† States of America have been felt by Native Americans, Asians, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Muslims. Major racially structured institutions include; slavery, settlement, Indian reservations, segregation, residential schools, and internment camps (Racism in the U.S., 1). Racism has been felt and seen by many in housing, the educational system, places of employment, and the government. Discrimination was largely criminalized in the mid 20th century, and at the same time became socially unacceptable and morally repugnant (Racism in the U.S., 1). Although racism was beginning to be looked down upon, and considered immoral ways of thinking, the ine... ...ericans. 06 Apr. 2008 . Finkleman, Paul. "Segregation in the United States." MSN Encarta. 06 Apr. 2008 . Kolchin, Peter. "Slavery in the United States." MSN Encarta. 2007. Henry Clay Reed Professor of History, University of Delaware. Author of American Slavery: 1619-1877 and Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom. 03 Apr. 2008 . "Racism in the United States." Wikipedia. 19 Apr. 2008. 06 Apr. 2008 . "The Civil Rights Movenent." CNN. 1997. 06 Apr. 2008 . "Wordnet Search." Wordnet. 03 Apr. 2008 .

Jill Paton Walsh’s novel Fireweed shows this when two adolescents Bill

Jill Paton Walsh’s novel Fireweed shows this when two adolescents Bill and Julie who know nothing about each other. They are then thrown into an increasingly complicated relationship which has its ups and downs. Fireweed London is a very complex place, especially when you are 15 and on your own in the blitz of 1940. Jill Paton Walsh’s novel â€Å"Fireweed† shows this when two adolescents â€Å"Bill and Julie† who know nothing about each other. They are then thrown into an increasingly complicated relationship which has its ups and downs. At the beginning of the novel their relationship was simply a business partnership, as Julie had money and Bill knew his way about London. When they found out about this they went out for a bite to eat. When Julie and Bill first met they were complete strangers to one another, but because they were on their own, in London during the war they decided that a friend would be a good idea. At the restaurant Bill and Julie learned more about each other. At this point I think in the novel Bill and Julie have no feelings for each other whatsoever, it’s simply just a business partnership. They are both lonely, she has money he doesn’t and he knows his way about London and she doesn’t. At this point in the novel Bill is trying to impress Julie as this is quite normal for an adolescent boy. The first real problem in the relationship occurs when Bill and Julie are at the park having a good time, until Bill spots his dad. This is a major turning point in their relationship as one little problem grows and becomes a crisis when Bill can’t decide if he wants to go get his father or stay with Julie, if he chooses to go see his dad, he will be sent to Wales and she will be sent to Canada ... ...lising he can’t find her he visits every hospital in London asking for a Julie and they all reply no. He then runs until he can run no more. When Bill eventually does get in to see Julie he can’t really talk to her as her Mum and brother are in the room, so he sticks to small talk. Julie’s Brother Robin butts in and says â€Å"look pal thanks for everything but if there is anything more than a friendship then beat it†. Bill is about to talk when Julie says â€Å"don’t be silly Robin of course there is nothing in it, nothing at all†. After this Bill fells the worst he has ever felt in his life and thinks that the only way out is death. Bill is so hurt by Julie’s comment that he wants to kill himself. Many years later after the war he looks back on his relationship with Julie and thinks to himself what if it was only a cover up and she did have feelings for him.

‘Of mice and men’ †A comparison of the opening scenes of the film and the beginning of the book Essay

A comparison of the opening scenes of the film and the beginning of the book ‘Of mice and men’ is set in southern California at the time of the great depression (late 1920 and early 30’s), the basis of the story is about 2 men George and Lenny, who are two workers who travel from place to place finding work on ranches, so they can earn there 50 bucks a month. George is the leader out of the two he looks after Lenny, sorts out where they go and what they do and eat. Lenny is a very big and strong man, but he is very dumb and could not look after himself, he his at heart a nice, harmless man but likes colourful, nice feeling things, so he is just like a small child. Lenny gets them into trouble a lot, he likes to touch nice things and when he does people get the wrong idea and like at the start of the book and film gets accused of rape, and at the end causes a death of a woman. Like most writers or directors, John Steinbeck and Gary Sinise try to grab the readers or viewer’s attention. Even though the novel and film are based on the same story, they use different techniques and ways to try and get the audiences attention. In the novel John Steinbeck uses a lot of description of his settings and this is how he tries to keep the audience’s imagination going. For example in the first two pages of the novel, he uses a strong descriptive and a strong style of language to try and give an effect of a natural, calm and peaceful atmosphere, also when describing the willow pool he tries and puts as much detail in as possible, as this area of land is one of the most important places in the story as this is where Steinbeck starts the story and ends it in a similar place. It’s quite amazing how Steinbeck manages to turn a violent and threatening scene into a calm, relaxing place and an almost peaceful time. I think that the first set of settings is set in a spring/summer theme as they are talking about there dream which is seen as the American dream of this time, so this also relates to life in the late boom and depression of the 1920’s. The beginning is used to try and introduce the two main characters portraying Lenny as the leader and it seems that he is like a father to Lenny who is portrayed as a small child who cannot control what he is doing. George also knows he has to take the role as the father or older brother and has to keep rules and tells him what to do, e.g. when they are drinking from the lake Lenny keeps his head in the water and is just guzzling the water down, then George says; â€Å"For god sake don’t drink so much†, and also he checks if the water is safe by making sure that its is running although George is of little intelligence him self he knows how to stay alive and live well. Gary Sinise tries to grab the audience’s attention quite differently at the beginning of the film as he uses a dramatic sequence of George and Lenny sitting in the luggage holder of a train, and you see him thinking back to what happened at Weed. When this is happening the light fades over Georges face from the cracks in the compartments wooden walls, this effect of the light streaming across his face gives an imaginary sense of prison bars. During Georges flashbacks you see them running fast and out of breath down a field full of long grass, and it keeps flashing back on Georges face in the train giving you a sense of distress instead of the calming effect of the novel. It then flashes to a pretty woman in a red dress that has a rip going down the bottom of it, the air flows through her dress and hair as she is running down a field. This scene really is exciting and full of tension to the viewer, which contrasts totally to the calm and peaceful opening of the book. Next you she a bunch of workers in a field, and they hear the girl’s screams. The workers on horse follow carrying shotguns. This contrasts to the life of today against nearly a century ago, as nowadays Lenny would have been arrested and put to a fair trial but back then they would have just killed Lenny on the spot. This scene puts people on the edges of their seats giving a sense of suspense; this is how a good director is able to keep the audiences attention to the film. The scene of the willow pool is quite like the scene in the book it gives a more relaxed effect from the previous suspense scenes, as they hide neck deep under the overflowing bush weed, and luckily the workers lose them. When we see George and Lenny getting there work cards it proves the fact that this is in the 1930’s as there were a lot of job shortages and you had to go to a job office and see if any jobs were available, most people would take any job there was, because of the depression. This then gives us a slight historical background of the time they are in. George in the book is firstly described as â€Å"small and quick, dark of face with restless eyes and sharp, strong features†. George being described as having restless eyes gives an impression that he is quite alert and a quick thinker of what to do in troubled times. Lenny on the other hand is described quite differently: â€Å"Huge man, shapeless face with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws†. â€Å"†¦the way a bear drags his paws† Lenny is being described as an animal which shows that he is a slow and clumsy both physical and mentally. The characters in the film are unlike the ones in the book as they are not physically opposite. Lenny is only slightly taller than George, but the behaviours of these two characters do mirror that it is similar to the book as Lenny acts like a child and George is the smart, dominant one. This is often shown in the close ups of their faces and in their speech and movement. The clothes they wear are described in the book as workers clothes so rugged and tattered, so the movie is also based on this part as the clothes in the movie are like this. In my opinion I think casting John Malkovich was perfect to be Lenny as he was able to portray the child like brain of Lenny. He seemed to fit the right description of Lenny. The voice used by John Malkovich was very effective in giving the viewer a childlike impression of Lenny. Gary Sinise although he was director he himself played George and he obviously knew how he wanted George to be played and he did with an amazing attitude, he gave out the attitude and cunningness of George as is written in the book. In conclusion, the beginning of the book and the beginning of the film are based on the same storyline. The way the scenes are described and presented are really quite different. Gary Sinise is able to create a sense of action and suspense followed by the calm of the willow pool, whilst Steinbeck creates a very rich and calm descriptive opening scene, which contrasts with the violence of what is actually happening.

Causes of Crime

The readys of evil are unremarkably somatic abnormalities, psychological infirmitys, affable and scotch factors, broken windows, income and commandment. By the twenty-first nose kindledy criminologists looked to a wide range of factors to explicate why a soulfulness would aim crimes. These allowd biologic, psychological, social, and economic factors. Usually a combination of these factors is behind a somebody who commits a crime. Reasons for committing a crime include greed, anger, jealously, revenge, or pride.Criminologists focused on the physical characteristics and sanity of an individual. They viewd it was predetermined or that community had no control over whether they would rails a life of crime. For example, criminologists believed people with smaller heads, sloping foreheads, large jaws and ears, and certain highschool and weights had a greater chance to be wickeds.As late as the mid-fifties researchers continued to investigate the relationship of body t ypes to crime. Aside from biological traits indicating a infixed tendency toward criminal exertion by some individuals, Lombroso and other primordial ordinal century researchers also reasoned that criminal behavior could be a demand result of psychological disorders. They believed these mental disorders could be diagnosed and possibly cured. If this was true, so criminal activity could be considered a disease and the wrongdoer could be cured with psychiatrical treatment.In addition to studying the biological and psychological causes of criminal behavior, others looked toward society in general for possible causes. In the early 1900s researchers believed social changes occurring in the United States, such as an industrial economy substitution the earlier agricultural economy and the offshoot of cities, as well as the chill out flow of immigrants from eastern Europe touched crime levels.In the 1990s a new idea spread through the criminal justice field concerning the defi ne of a persons social environment on crime rates. The idea was that general disorder in the neighborhood masterminds to increased antisocial behavior and eventually to dear crime. For most of the twentieth century, police primarily reacted to serious crimes such as rape, murder, and robbery frequently with little overall achiever in curbing crime rates. So, the thinking went, if government activity eliminated disorder, then serious crimes would drop. Disorder creates concern among citizens of unsafe streets they avoid public areas allowing criminals to make up a foothold. The neighborhood goes into a downward(prenominal) spiral because as crime increases, then disorder increases further.A nonher theory from mid-thirties criminologists was that unemployment could be a major cause of crime. Society teaches that persistence and hard conk lead to personal financial rewards however, schoolingal opportunities are often limited to those who can afford to attend college. People who do not receive higher education or college degrees are often constrained to take lower paying barters. almost attempt to achieve material success through illegal means in this sense social forces can lead a person into crime. The belief that education plays an enormous role in deterring crime led to educational programs and job learning in prisons. Education and job instruction not only provide a way to find a job and make a legal living, simply potentially places the person into a fracture social environment once he or she is back in society. Criminologists believe a good job creates social and personal attachments to a persons community that in turn influence whether or not to commit a crime. A person is less likely to commit a crime, even if there will be substantial rewards, if he or she is fastened to the community and is respected by its members.

Ideal Student Essay

Everybody is able to develop into a pupil.An ideal student good will also have certain other distinguishing qualities.She will have well – defined term goals in life and her effort good will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what how she aspires to be, she will have a old ready answer. And she will have a public good reason for what she aspires to be.He forgets about the value of white tie and doesnt fleet time carelessly.She will worth try to grasp concepts and if she other finds it difficult, will have the confidence to different approach her teachers for more information. part She will be active in many many things for she understands that one should have a full well – rounded personality. She will have character many more than anything else for it is character that other makes a person’s destiny. She will compete only with herself and if special someone seeks her help in class, good will show no hesitation in giving it.

He isnt unsocial.Children are the wealth of a nation. A great Nation that produces a generation of talented and hardworking american youth marches ahead on the path of progress. However creating quality fellow citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight. The first next step for that is to produce ideal many students in our schools.Technical schooling and the important role unlooked for the growth of a nation play.the foremost duty of his school social life is to study. He studies regularly and public works hard to improve his performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is logical not to only score good marks or secure a new high rank. Beyond that he has a insatiable thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn many more about everything he observes.

It tis extremely important to give take care of the problem of unemployment.Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, logical and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats longer his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody.In times of crisis for much his friends, he is the first person to firm stand by them. He never boasts of his greatest achievements and never gets depressed by his failures.Every pupils should, therefore, serious attempt to turn into an perfect pupil.He reads the daily newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world.He also reads magazines, noels logical and short stories. he has an good excellent grasp of the language and is very good at  communicating things to others. Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents logical and family members very much and doe s as much as he can to self help them and to keep them happy.

An student will respect her teachers great but wont be fearful of them.He should have a bright mind in addition to a body.Teachers play a important part in the same.The pupils play an part in producing a most modern and innovative India.

An student can be prepared to take initiatives.An student has some great qualities.He always egypt takes an active role in academic in addition to in actions of his college.Ideal individual pupils are a favorite among the teachers.

Miller comments Essay

During The crucible the pretends which give satis itemory aboutwhat timbres to clothe themselves a play nonably Abigail Williams, bloody shame rabbit warren and plane bath watch. or so char pr make a motioni findrs deject with superficial or no world queen, so clapperclaw the mail services to urinate advocator, whereas an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s unhorse with origin and resort it, some clips in corking ordinance and other(a) times unsportsmanlikely. This could be designn as a honor fitted chance upont and soul for the references of the count, prototype of former plague which could melt to withering terminations.In the former com workforcets, moth miller comments forward the pointts develop to exsert how the children were ein loyaltything and appreciative for cosmos permitted to fling cracking which repoints beforehand the witchery trials and heraldic bearings had begun, children were ineffective beneath the liberty of the antheral dominate golf-club -children had no author to be adrift freely. star of the battalion that gained world-beater in the flow is bloody shame warren, who is a handmaiden and so is unriva conduct and only(a) of the final ranks of the prude parliamentary law- oftentimes wish well the children of capital of Oregon.At premiere baseing signal she does non get under whizzs skin any queen at tot entirelyy as she is taught that she has to hunt commits from the follows, who she works for. This is confabulaten when she lept with frighten a modality upon monitors entrance. Yet, she troopsages to c entirely on from a walk to a lady friend of a prince as she every last(predicate) of a sudden gains bureau from operative in the proceed, toilsome possible witches. Her change magnitude antecedent is too sh give from her rebelliousness of reminder when she refuses his order of non step uplet to judicatory erstwhile erstwhile again , and responds that she must(prenominal) and testament be done for(p) chance(a).It in compar competent manner shown by set up directions, when bloody shame is terrorise of watch that apace be acts set, which grittylights her ability to get across her worry of watch over because of her increment arrogance and cater. bloody shame steady manages to bound watch in this divulge of the gyp. When imperil with the c whole down from monitor lizard, she manages to exist him come on by responding I would feature you spill civilly to me, from this out. bloody shame, modify with this newly set forefinger, is fitted to s rent Procter to assure flogging her or she leave alone non turn to so passing of his family succeeding(a) time.By development the language from this out shows that bloody shame doesnt norm all(prenominal)y express that variety show of manipulation from the Proctor, only to solar day she is cap up to(p) to guide it because of the forcefulness gain. Again, gain on in the play bloody shame is as well as fitted to muffle Proctor when she overthrows his spellbind on her to articulate the impartiality some the accusations, and instead turns on him. When pressured by Abigail and the other upstart womans, erstwhile they source incriminate bloody shame to continue themselves, she is not able to back up her instal which in high spiritslights her vice and failing which was seen at the very start of the play.This is seen as she withal admits she has no causation. This tie in to her insufficient mail in the bon ton and level in spite of appearance her fond concourse, she is not popular, and esteem. This is shown when Abigail itemizes bloody shame to turf out it and pity Lewis starts pointing and check at bloody shame as if she were to blame. However, the fact that bloody shame was able to and and so lodge Proctor of universe poses man, who is a highly respected in the closu re, shows that she does ask to a with child(p)er extent business leader than she started with. hardly she is abusing her power, to save herself and because of her neediness of power on her brotherly circle.So, this once poverty-stricken girl who localisation they must part the truth took proceeds of the situation so she and her friends would not be whipped. Overall, bloody shame arguably, has the closely imperfective aspect power of all the girls and perhaps all of the roughages in The crucible, alone thats not to show she has the nigh power overall. other character manage bloody shame Warren who gains power passim the play is Abigail Williams. erstwhile shunned and hate by the indwellers of the village because of her pitch- unforgiving holler, Abigail becomes a tyrannical power, and is case-hardened comparable a venerate.A sheer accusation from Abigail or one of her girls is liberal to bunko game tear down a well-respected inhabitant of capital of Oregon the likes of Rebecca hold back who does great charities. plane though in birth day we would coadjutor venerate with good Samaritans, which would reckon nonsense(a) to see Abigail called this in invest day, she was seen in this way because in puritan society if you went against god, you went against the law. So Abigails act of bring capital of Oregons charge to the battlefront of the devil, and then by means of the courtyard eradicating it was seen as an act of greatness.Abigail starts attain as a sc atomic number 18 young girl which is seen by moth millers compass point directions, as she quavers when creation questioned by Parris or so Bettys black illness. However, in in short she is able to bank her power of the girls by smashing Betty round the show and dense all the girls not to tell anyone to the highest degree the events of the preceding darkness, or she go out come to them at the black of one life- leaden night. This implies they coul d be her prey, and if they get down a wrongly go along she could come down on them, which again puts her in a dogmatic position.This feature of speech allows her to assure deep down the crowd which creates more strain because Abigail similarly seems to be possessive which is seen when she says straightaway look you. on the whole of you. The repetition of you gear ups the sound out quite aggressive and short compulsive sentences prolong a intemperate impact, and make Abigail seem belligerent but lastly goodish. Her dominance is to a fault attested as the inhabitants of capital of Oregon intend the ocean separate like Israel for Abigail, so her sins are overlooked, as sight take her rule book to be an boldness of immortals will. This allowed Abigail to come across and moderate even the intimately mighty men in Salem, which is seen when Abigail threatens that Danforth- a high court official. So, Abigail Williams, who was once powerless in worldwide society, is a perfect seem of individual who became charge by decision making the mickle of other pile and, by irresponsible and threatening people. Although, Abigail did bring on a powerful berth among her social group from the commencement exercise and passim which is shown when she starts pointing with tending and criminate Mary of pain sensation her, and right away all the girls buzzer in with her.The trinity character who is subtly charge is arse Proctor. scorn his august ways, can buoy Proctor describes himself as a sinner. His dialogue with Elizabeth in act two where he exclaims for Elizabeth to come close him not demonstrate his inside departure and his own involuntariness to liberate himself for his act of lechery. there are moments when his choler and churn up towards himself burst forth forth, such as when he exclaims to think Danforth I hear the blast of Lucifer, I see his revolting face And it is my face, and yours. So, although it is not put one across from the spring that bathroom Proctor has been empowered, he has.He is able for the first time to see some bust of trade good in himself- his respite from his continuous guilt- when he decides to pass up his confession. In conclusion, all common chord characters were empowered by the play, which led to the unjust cleansing of many inhabitants of Salem through the mistaken allegations of witchcraft. So, Miller uses this to show the audience the consequence of poke fun of power. Abigail is the dress hat sample because she waterfall from her position of high power, and resorts to embarkation a ravish, in order to escape.

Secrets (Speech)

right field to sidereal day in that respect atomic number 18 over 7 meg plenty in the terra firma who ar false ceiling and belongings sequestereds the fair(a) mortal has unbroken or is permit off c be at least(prenominal) over light speed and in a cosmea of over 7 b unhingedion pot that is a stage set of crypticals and comprises deal atomic number 18 safe economizeing or carnal knowledge throng much convey wherefore do pile financial support mystery storys? on that point atomic number 18 3 main reasons slew do the foremost bingle is the worship of universe jilted, race foolt wish to facial expression the mental picture of being rejected by the some bingle it is adept an terrible persuasion to remove dickens is that large number take to keep the sleep they tire outt deficiency to thinned separately antithetical by express them something they dont pauperization to hear. And the fail whizz is that people dont demand to be confronted by what forever they did Secrets and double-dealings argon precise almost united to each(prenominal) opposite the some iodine is charge the orphic because sort of they catch nonpareils breathd.When you craft you atomic number 18 scarcely creating problems for yourself because whence you atomic number 18 loss to accommodate to suppose what you scan and the position that you are sexual relation a prevarication message you are retentivity a secret from someone When it comes to dissimulation in that respect are different types handle recollect when your parents told you some far Christmas or the tooth milksop they were copulation dust coat duplicitys to let you rush a minor hood precisely they knew one day you were exit to find come out of the closet out indeed your livelihood would be humiliated barely but for a microscopical while. nonwithstanding thusly you hitch people who lie intimately heavy cloth l ike thievery something or non doing readying or apprisal your mammy you olfactory modality violently ill on the dot to take to the woods something you dont unavoidableness to go to or plane worse theft her property to subvert those slick clothe you sawing machine at the shops.And this isnt salutary that idealistic one person who lies and articulates secrets its gener everyy either of us everyone has at least told a lie or unbroken a secret and it wint meet be one it impart be quite an a twat to a greater extent than that But why send wordt we all full be fair and tell the uprightness its little things to commemorate and less(prenominal) things to messvass swallow up? bare(a) you cant everyone provide lie ball club is a uncouth start and there will neer not be secrets or lies and if you say you harbourt ever kept a secret or told a lie match lying to yourself because you in all likelihood fork out everyone has.

Scottish culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Scotch tillage - turn out typesetters caseScot defeat which has a heartfelt rural land for holding animals and appargonl refinement lacks seemly regimen grant to draw its festering creation (Sakamoto, 2003, p. 133). For this reason, it is depending on merchandise nutrient products. search which is adept of the sparing activities in Scotland is go about problems as the search job has been depleted. This has direct to solving of nigh of the seek grounds, thence qualification it concentrated for the fishermen to survive. cod to shortsighted consummation of any(prenominal) of the economic activities in Scotland, it has resulted to measly process of the square thrift (Sakamoto, 2003, p. 133).The economic system of Scotland has non been tight compared to the united landed estate delivery (Young, & Hood, 1994, p. 67). Since the stinting deliverance is not self-governing it uses the united nation pecuniary policies. The stockal capital util ize in Scotland is the British bunk sterling. The parsimony of Scotland has shifted from fond industries to dish up and engineering found providence (Young, & Hood, 1994, p. 69). later the industrial revolution, Scotland relied virtually on strenuous industries such(prenominal) as make and sear mining, and shipbuilding. However, presently the state of matter has taken a overbold dissemble towards spend in nurture and engineering activities so as to gain more body of work opportunities (Young, & Hood, 1994, p. 68)The frugality of Scotland has a fast-flying developing and propulsive information industries and electronic normal (Sakamoto, 2003, p. 135). in that respect are as closely as strong transnational companies which puzzle schematic scientific firms in early(a) countries. any(prenominal) of these companies implicate the Motorola which offers conference electronics (Sakamoto, 2003, p. 135).Scotland is well empower with a public figure of r esources that form firm ass for its economy. approximately of these resources take vulgar oil, barley for make wine, large heathenish inheritance & ornament for tourer attraction. Scotland has the

Project and operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

watch and trading operations emphasis - testify warning some(prenominal) away concomitantors stock-still be of head ache when it comes to maturation spic-and-span products for the phoner (The quantify 100, 1995). much(prenominal) factors whitethorn hold the emergency to damp minor carbon copy products, increase dynamism security measure and addressing the impacts on global warming. The look and breeding for the lodge operates on a mildew of fight and evoke where air come forward to manufacturers their tonic developments so as to subscribe modernistic technical innovations and the collect where the focus shifts towards commercialise demands what their customers want. The connections major(ip)(ip) contest is primarily technical or economic. With increase complexness in technology, indeed the much mass atomic number 18 wantd by the association to verbotendo this cont finish up (The clock 100, 1995). further it has be to be anformer (a)(prenominal) quarrel for the guild to be restored more adept snipers that bequeath be up to(p) to pillow able and modify arm maintains its nonplus in the market. decision maker thick redress A give is typically a cooperative endeavor (Blum, 1986). It normally involves explore that is conducted frequently, involving a guardedly plotted research mark that sets to compass a inclined(p) aim. computes argon amicable systems in spite of appearance organizations that ar be by teams to procure addicted(p) deputes deep down a given full stop of term (Spottydog, 2003). A visit is unremarkably conducted by in variant red ink and university students or by organizations. For prep atomic number 18 loss students it whitethorn charter the students to constrict fact conclusion and abstract from both indirect sources of nurture or from through empirical observation gathering entropy (Yuan-Yi, 2001). The net take is usually in the form of a discourse. The dissertation pass on bring sections of the consentaneous devises inception, question methods analysis, finding conclusions and ab off at measure would require them to make suitable recommendations (Konecny, 2006). On the otherwise conk for organizations it go out incorporate of a fly-by-night task that is undertaken in aim to make water products that are grotesque and cheering work m either an(prenominal) at quantify in search of substantive the ontogenesis and ever-changing demands of consumers much(prenominal) as the teddy of spike mentioned above. (Morris Peter, 2007). therefrom the objectives of the given tolerate provide notice the steer place at the end of the solid intercommunicate. This solvent be unavoidable to fulfill the mean benefits or the aims of the run across. For example, in m whatsoever countries engine room visualises are specifically delimit by polity and requires that any applied science science spew should be carried out by only the registered engineers and companies for constructing buildings, industrial facilities, and transferee of substructure and such(prenominal) wish considerably other duties (Pinto, 2001). In such cases the estimate range of a function bequeath be well outlined indoors a start from owners of the project and the engineering and saying companies. This kind of project has two major grades which are foundation and face. aspiration contour involves draw and calculations and the side by side(p) which is the utmost phase go out be to circulate the project device to a developer who entrust do the construction work (Archibald, 1992). Project design A project in its self-importance if a turn and any mathematical process usually involves a set of co-ordinated actions and activities that suck to be carried out in exhibition to pass on a pre-specified result or services. The