Depression in mothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Depression in mothers - Essay Example Depression among women has been known to be caused by a myriad of issues that affect the world globally and in the local communities. This is especially in the third world, where poverty is one of the leading causes of depression among mothers and women in general, unlike other factors that affect the first world and other well to do women that have all their basic needs. Poverty has led to depression amongst many women following the lack of basic needs to sustain a comfortable life, even at the lowest level of just being alive and having a meal on the table, as well as clean water to drink. This is in addition to having access, to health and medical facilities in order to cater for the overall wellbeing of women and communities in question. However, due to the sensitivity of the issue, we shall dwell more on the depression of women as they tend to shoulder the burden of poverty, especially in Africa. Studies show that African women are more likely to contract type 2 diabetes than wo men with greater economic resources or wealth only serves to show the impact of poverty on depression in African women (De Groot et al 172). The above studies approach depression in poor African women from the perspective of coming from a poor environment, where their depression is a reaction to the said environment. In addition, poverty is considered to be the strongest factor leading to depression amongst mothers with young children, especially considering their inability to provide for their young (Grant et al 1). This also includes the lack of suitable facilities, in which to live, which, in turn, leads to insecurity. The whole situation of depression revolves around the concept of poverty, especially in the third world, which covers most of the globe and Africa is a major concern followed by parts of Asia. Oxfam as an international organization works towards the wellbeing of the global society by working to eliminate overtly across the globe. As a result, it can be taken to mea n to be an institution that works towards bettering the lives of women and lowering the risks of depression among women and mothers. The Oxfam website can be considered to be substantially user friendly with the ease of use and navigation along the lines of the information it provides. With this in mind, the institution’s website provides bulk of information on its role on an international scale to improve the lives of those caught up in poverty. Considering this, Oxfam labels poverty as a condition that can be eradicated off the face of the earth and have all members of society living comfortably. The above is because; Oxfam works with vulnerable people in the face of poverty to overcome their difficulties in making ends meet in relation to food, education, development and citizens’ rights, as well as climate change, where those affected receive assistance from the organization to improve their lives substantially. The website provides information on how one can work together with Oxfam to alleviate poverty by donating to the organization for the good of the society, a means that can be viewed as a one that caters for the depressed women. This is through the collection of financial and other forms of resources that are used to put up facilities to improve their livelihoods considering their vulnerability to poverty (â€Å"Oxfam†). In the third world, especially Africa, this translates to fewer depressed women following the delivery of

Patterns A short documentary by Kirsten Sheridan Essay Example for Free

Patterns A short documentary by Kirsten Sheridan Essay Autism is a lifelong developmental disability that shapes the way a person communicates and relates to people around them. People with autism have difficulties with everyday social interactions, learning disabilities and difficulty in making sense of the world. Kirsten Sheridan found an interest in this and chose to portray it in a brief documentary. She lived with her autistic cousin and he was a strong influence on her which got her interested in autistic people. The short film is about an autistic boy and the way he sees things from his point of view and how he interprets things. I will be analysing; the way Tommy acts compared to the other characters in the film, the different types of sounds used to represent whats going on in Tommys head, camera angles, movement, lighting, colour and editing. Also, I will be looking at the patterns and shapes established or repeated throughout the film. At the start of the film, there is a homely rhythmic guitar chord playing when Tommy is walking down the corridor alone. By doing this, Kirsten Sheridan gives the audience the awareness that Tommy is a simple person and that he likes things in a pattern or order. You can hear children playing outside; this makes us assume that Tommy is different as he was isolated from everyone else. The long camera shots show us that Tommy is walking with his head down and taking heavy steps like he is trying to block out all the noises going on around him. At the beginning of Patterns a plain, black and white check pattern is already established and gives us the notion that this pattern will be shown throughout the film. When Tommy was at school he couldnt walk across the black and white tiled floor because he was puzzled and couldnt understand the pattern. Kirsten Sheridan illustrated this by having a scene where Tommy is stood still, staring at the floor, trying to figure out the pattern. Jimmy helps him by telling him to look up and they both count in odd numbers whilst running across the floor. Most autistic people count in odd numbers, prime numbers and so on. In the film you can tell that Tommy is autistic or has something wrong with  him because he doesnt face people when they are talking to him, he tends to turn away. When Tommy and Jimmy are walking home from school, Tommy is talking to Jimmy with his back to him, when Tommy says What time is it Jimmy? And Jimmy says Ten minutes past four. Autistic people are likely to face away from the person they are talking to. Kirsten Sheridan uses a mixture of sounds and camera shots to show unusual aspects of Tommys autism. When Tommy comes home from school and his Mother asks him what he wants for dinner, Tommy hears a lot of different noises in the house, which results in Tommy shaking and holding his head and shouting I dont want anything to eat. Tommys Mother gives him too many choices and autistic people like things in order or something they can put in a pattern. Kirsten Sheridan muffles all the sounds, which are going on around Tommy, together so it sounds confusing for the audience to hear what is going on, so we can hear what Tommy is hearing. He then goes into the bathroom and turns the tap on to watch the water run down the drain, the repetitive pattern of the running water settles him down and puts things back in order. The close up camera shot of the running water shows us what its like from Tommys viewpoint. Tommy and Jimmy go outside to play on the swing. Jimmy is pushing Tommy on the swing and they are both laughing. Tommy appears to be enjoying this as he is in a calm, relaxed and ordered environment. Kirsten Sheridan uses a camera shot from Tommys point of view, in this scene, to show us the repeating pattern of seeing the grass then the sky. Kirsten Sheridan shows a distinct line between the ways the other characters dress to the way Tommy dresses. Tommy is dressed in dull, dreary, dark clothes whereas his brother Jimmy is dressed in the complete opposite, in bright and vivid colours to show that he is a typical 8 year old. This gives us the sense that Tommy is unlike everyone else. This helps us distinguish who is autistic. Also Tommys speech and accent is different to everyone elses, the other characters all talk with an Irish accent but Tommy talks with an English accent. In one of the scenes the family are sat at the dinner table, Tommy and Kathleen are talking. What was my baby today? Kathleen says. Tommy replies He was the best baby, and Kathleen was very proud wasnt she? This shows that Kathleen isnt very close with Tommy as he refers to her as Kathleen not Mum. Tommy takes things that people say literally. Tommys Dad said he will be at home at 6 oclock and Tommy expects him to come through the door at exactly 6 oclock. Sheridan shows this by having a scene where Tommy is sitting on the stairs in front of the door waiting until the time was precisely 6 oclock. He was making clicking noises while looking intently at the door waiting for his Dad to come home. Autistic people take what you say literally; in contrast, non-autistic people dont take what people say literally because the person isnt exactly going to know whats going to happen in the future. At the dinner table, Tommy is picking letters out of his bowl to spell numbers, when he cant find the T to spell eight he starts making clicking noises with his mouth and flicking his soup everywhere. His parents dont know what to do, so then Jimmy starts tapping a rhythm on the table which calms Tommy down and seems to put everything back in order in Tommys brain. Autistic people like things in order. The camera shots Kirsten Sheridan uses in this scene are very efficient, as they show us what its like to be in Tommys mind. The camera rotates around the dinner table very swiftly, this makes you feel dizzy and awkward which gives us and insight to what Tommy feels like. Tommy is in his room listening to music when the record starts to jump which causes him to have a panic attack. Kathleen rushes over to him and tries to control him but that does nothing except instigate the problem even more. So then Jimmy has to come in and help Tommy calm down, while Kathleen stands in the doorway crying. And Tommy says Bye now Kathleen. Not realising that his Mother was upset. Autistic people are often unaware of other peoples emotions and facial expressions. Near the end of the film Kirsten Sheridan adds a turning point, where Tommy starts to let go of his brother and the assistance he gives him. Tommy says  to Jimmy Time to go now, so bye now. Jimmy responds with Youll be on your own so. Tommy appreciates what Jimmy says and goes inside leaving Jimmy to go and play with his friends. Tommy becomes more independent at this point and this is the initial start to Tommy and Jimmy leading their individual lives. Throughout the study of Patterns I have discovered that Jimmy is a big part of Tommys life and I have presented the problems caused from Tommys autism. I think this short film is a clever method of presenting to non-autistic people the way an autistic person acts, behaves and why they do so. It also gives an inside view of how an autistic person has to deal with everyday life. Bibliography: the short documentry by Kirsten Sheridan.

The Facts About Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Essay -- celebrity, surge

We see those girls walking, we see those celebrity that looks very perfect in every way we want them to be, we see those big breast in the bathing suit and we see those perfect shapes and appearance. Plastic and cosmetic surgery have become a â€Å"consumer good† and people are buying them mostly non-stop. The people that plan to get plastic and cosmetic surgeries are the one that should really think about it and also people that can’t even afford it. It’s because they don’t know what the outcomes are. I believe people are using plastic and cosmetic surgery for wrong reasons because people are getting it for their birthday, graduation or just as a present. It is important that the people that really needs it, can get it. If there’s no defect or disorder, it shouldn’t be needed. For example, â€Å"24 year old Amanda, an optician in suburban Michigan, is getting the gift of a tummy tuck† (Dana 13). We should care because too much money are being spend on getting the plastic and cosmetic surgery. Instead of using that money to get the surgery that aren’t really needed, they can use that to donate to kids or people that are more in needs. We should be caring because we don’t know what kind of afterward results we’ll have if we get the surgeries. We should care because people often die from one mistake of getting in plastic and cosmetic surgery. We should care because those plastic and cosmetic surgery doesn’t really last forever, the majority will last you like about maybe a decade only. Many people is being affected by getting plastic or cosmetic surgeries. One example of was a girl name Annan she didn’t have very good self-esteem â€Å"I felt like it didn’t complement my face very well† (Krishnan 1). Teens girls are always looking to be goo... ...Web. 1 Apr. 2014. . Lee, M. and Nancy Sprauge. â€Å"Cosmetic Surgery: An Overview.† Points of View: Cosmetic Surgery 2013: 1. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. . Margonelli, Lisa. "GAMBLING ON Beauty." Health (Time Inc. Health) 15.9 2001: 122. Health Source - Consumer Edition. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. . Morgan, Peggy. "Is A Facelift In Your Future?" Prevention 50.1 1998: 106. Health Source - Consumer Edition. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. . Nowak, Rachel. "When Looks Can Kill." New Scientist 192.2574 2006: 18. MAS Ultra – School Edition. Web. 8 Apr. 2014. . Shute, Nancy. "Makeover Nation. (Cover Story)." U.S. News & World Report 136.19 2004: 52. Middle Search Plus. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. .

Marketing communications strategy

In the case, Benetton is using an offbeat and customer-centric marketing perspective in a highly saturated industry. In terms of retail clothing, there are high barriers in this market when it comes to getting a marketing message across to the inundated consumer. Therefore, what Benetton is trying to do, as shown in the case, is present itself as an outsider within this saturated market, in order to both appeal to the customer directly, and to confront them with issues of empowerment.This is related to the chapter’s mention of â€Å"Customer Empowerment– Customization: when a company produces individually differentiated products, services, prices, and delivery channels in accordance to the consumer wants/needs† (Chapter 12). The case also involves issues discussed such as heightened competition (retail fashion being a very competitive industry), industry convergence, and disintermediation, or removing the middleman and going straight to the consumers in terms of getting across a fresh and unconventional marketing message.Success behind strategy The success behind Benetton’s marketing strategy is the ability of the company’s marketers to place the company in an outsider role, and also a role of post-modern commentary on culutre. Essentially, this says to the customer that by identifying with the unique or different postmodern advertising of Benetton, and its messages of political and social concern used in advertising, they are identifying with a lifestyle, not just a brand.This was one of the early strategies that was then taken to such extremes by other 80s competitors of Benetton like Swatch and even Nike: by positioning the mainstream retail fashion company in a counter-cultural socio-political position through advertising, the individuation of the consumer is assured, as they relate their own individuality or difference with the uniqueness of the advertising. This led to a lot of success for Benetton’s marketing.In short, the success behind Benettons marketing strategy is the company’s ability to place its unique and controversial advertising brand as a lifestyle as well as a fashion choice. Applying Benetton’s strategy to another retailer Depending on the fashion retailer and the brand awareness of the public, a similar marketing communication strategy to that of Benetton could be either a good move or a bad move.For a company that already has some degree of guerilla, socio-political or counter-cultural marketing in effect, such as a youth-brand company like Ecko or even a monolith with a lot of money to spend on assimilating youth culture, like Nike, it may be possible to make the marketing communications of Benetton a success. On the other hand, if the brand is something like Abercrombie & Fitch, J. Crew, or Tommy Hilfinger, this is a company that relates its brand not to socio-political turmoil and controversy, but to conservatism and the idea of unchanging classic ideals of fashion.Therefore, for this type of retail fashion brand with a lot of conservatism in its image, it would be more difficult to successfully integrate a marketing communications strategy similar to that of Benetton. The consumer would not be able to make a logical connection between a brand like Abercrombie & Fitch, and an image of high shock value controversy, which could relate to cognitive dissonance on the part of the consumer, which is something marketers tend to avoid. REFERENCE Benetton—case study. Chapters 12-14

Critical Analysis Paper: BlackBerry Essay

According to the article â€Å"BlackBerry Posts Loss as Phones Go Unsold†, BlackBerry performs a poor performance. Business has a quarterly loss in 2013 for $965 million. The revenue had drop 45% that down to $1.57 billion from $2.86 billion compares with a year earlier. BlackBerry lost $248 million, or 47 cents a share, and analysts forecast 49 cents a share loss for the quarter ended August 31. The net loss is $235 million which excluding inventory charge and restructuring charges in the latest quarter. The cash position also down to $2.6 billion from $3.1 billion at quarter-end. Smartphone maker report a hefty operating loss of nearly $1 billion charge on inventory of unsold phones. Fairfax Financial Holdings to take the company private for about $4.7 billion, or $9 a share. As a former mobile king, BlackBerry faces to exit the handset business. This report will conduct a situation analysis of potential causes of declining sales and profits of Black Berry. And also would id entify internal company and external environment for the poor performance. See more: analytical writing A particular reason of the sales declining is BlackBerry cannot satisfy enough to the market and product demand for customers. Sales declining imply to revenues declining. BlackBerry recognized most phone’s revenue is from the older models, which means the new phones are not much attract to customers. Ian Austen (2013) noted that BlackBerry could soon be leaving the business of making phones—leaving fewer options for a vocal minority still committed to phones with its once popular physical keyboard. (para. 1) BlackBerry usually produces the keyboard models, but with people’s pursuit on phone, most smartphone users prefer to use touch-screen models instead of the physical keyboards. Keyboard was one of a special characteristic of BlackBerry, eventually, that become an obstacle for its evolution. The reason of revenue declining of BlackBerry is it has a lower market share. BlackBerry has not change their product style and business strategy while customers are seeking the new products constantly, market share would  be affected and would cause revenue going down. Joseph Palenchar (2013) noted that â€Å"the old days saw BlackBerry’s market share in global smartphone shipments peak in 2009 at 20% and fall to 5% in 2012, marking the company’s lowest level since 2003.† (para. 3) â€Å"Increase the chances that BlackBerry can regain some of its lost market share during the make-or-break year of 2013† (para. 9) Revenue is declining because the market is becoming smaller. With Apple, Samsung’s products are growing deeply in customers’ impression, BlackBerry is standing in the behind position compare with those two brands. BlackBerry is not enough strong to attract those Apple and Samsung’s customers to choose its products even they produce the new products. A poor financial performance reflects BlackBerry Company is going down. In the article of â€Å"Company Overview†, the author stated a SWOT analysis of BlackBerry. In the weaknesses of company, the author described the revenues decreased primarily due to lower shipment volumes and lower average selling prices of hardware products. The company’s revenues declined from $19,907 million in FY2011 to $11,073 million in FY 2013. (p.6) Continuous decline impacts the company’s profits and margins. In 2013, RIM recorded the operating loss of $1,235 million compared with operation profit of $1,497 million and $4,636 million in 2012 and 2011. It also suffers a decline in the cash position which from $4,009 million in 2011 to $2,303 in 2013. Substitutes and competitive also are the factors that affect BlackBerry suffer in this situation. The lower revenues will decrease market share so that to increase the competition. BlackBerry lack of innovation; however, its competitors of smartphone company such as Apple, Samsung, HTC, Microsoft, etc. are rapidly evolving. Most of them have larger customer bases, greater financial, sales and distribution than BlackBerry. As consumers, under an available circumstance of selecting, they prefer a product with innovation, creative, and satisfaction. Competitive pressure impact the company’s growth and market share. Fairfax Financial Holdings is going to take the company private, but still won’t solve the company’s problems. BlackBerry still insist their employees of the same smartphones and tablets that use at home. It is losing in the  consumer arena. Therefore, even though investors take it private, BlackBerry’s revenue still would not be changed because it did not change its operation of business. The most primary reason for the company’s poor performance is BlackBerry lack of innovation. Because of BlackBerry did not change its strategy in order to satisfy customer’s demand for the smartphone, the product sales and revenues are going down. Also, the lower market share and the higher competition would impact BlackBerry’s profit and margin. Bibliography: Connors, W. (2013). Blackberry posts loss as phones go unsold. Austen, I. (2013). Blackberry’s future in doubt, keyboard lovers bemoan their own. Palenchar, J. (2013). Analysts: Blackberry facing tough battle. (2013). Company overview.

Educational vs. Educative

Educational vs. Educative Educational vs. Educative Educational vs. Educative By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Is there any difference between the adjectives educational and educative? I’m beginning to see the latter in contexts where I’d expect the former. My first response to the question was that educative is simply a less familiar word for educational. Both the OED and Merriam-Webster indicate that this is so: OED educational adjective: 1. Of or relating to the provision of education; educational. 2. Serving or intended to educate or enlighten; educational. M-W educational adjective: 1. having to do with education; educational. 2. tending to educate; instructive. However, when I explored uses of educative on the Web, I began to sense that the word might have acquired a meaning other than educational. Here are some examples: A Values-Engaged, Educative Approach for Evaluating Education Programs An Educative Approach to Behavior Problems: A Practical Decision Model for Interventions With Severely Handicapped Learners   A humanistic-educative approach to evaluation in nursing education A textbook publisher explains its use of educative this way: Curriculum materials for Grades K–12 that are intended to promote teacher learning in addition to student learning have come to be called  educative curriculum materials. Although my Oxford Thesaurus gives instructive and educational as synonyms of informative, the writer of an academic paper with the title â€Å"Can and Should Educational Research be Educative?† offers to prove that â€Å"research cannot be educative, only informative.† In some contexts, educative is paired with holistic or pragmatic, as in this chapter title: Ethics and ethical theory in educative leadership: A pragmatic and holistic approach. The effect of pairing educative with pragmatic or holistic is to suggest that educative is â€Å"practical and wide-ranging†- as opposed to educational, which implies â€Å"theoretical, impractical, and narrow.† As far as I can make out, the use of educative is closely tied to what educators now refer to as â€Å"action research.† Back in my days as a classroom teacher, when large numbers of my students failed a test, I would analyze their papers and revise my lessons in an effort to get better results next time. That, apparently, was a form of â€Å"action research.† What I learned by examining my unsuccessful practice for the purpose of improving my methods was educative, as opposed to merely educational or informative. I conclude that the new meaning of educative is â€Å"of educational value to the person or persons doing a systematic study of their work methods with the intention of getting better results.† Both Google and Word view the word educative with suspicion, sometimes underlining it in red or green. When your intended meaning is instructive or â€Å"relating to education,† go with educational. Leave educative to speakers of Educationese. Here are some synonyms of educational as in â€Å"an educational experience†: instructive, informative illuminating enlightening edifying Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Hang, Hung, Hanged20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Research on Stop and Frisk Policies Essay Example

Research on Stop and Frisk Policies Essay Example Research on Stop and Frisk Policies Essay Research on Stop and Frisk Policies Essay Research on Stop and Frisk Policies BY duke31186 13Dec13 Research done on NYCs Stop and Frisk Policies Since its implementation in the policing practices of the NYPD, Stop and Frisk policies have been tracked and studied by many third party intellectuals that specialize in criminal Justice systems. Among them are John Jay college of Criminal Justice, VERA institute for Justice, New York Law School, Center for Constitutional Rights, Center on Race Crime and Justice, and the New York State Attorney Generals Office. Each of hese intellectual entities conducted research on different aspects or dilemmas brought about by Stop and Frisk policing. The Center for Constitutional Rights conducted research on the Human Impact of the Stop and Frisk policies, by interviewing individuals who had undergone this practice. They interviewed samples of varying age, sex, race and ethnicity. The centers claim is that these interviews provide evidence of how deeply this practice impacts individuals, as well as documenting the widespread civil and human rights buses, including illegal profiling, improper arrests, inappropriate touching, sexual harassment, humiliation and violence at the hands of police officers. CCR] The Centers study found that Race is the primary factor involved in the selection of individuals for stopping as well as the major common factor for the level of brutality or degradation inflicted upon the suspect; interestingly, these findings were reported to occur regardless of the race of the officer in question. The obvious limitations of a report conducted by interviewing prospective unaccountable victims, is the tendency o r embellishment that occurs between an accuser and a violator. The VERA Institutes study, Coming of Age with Stop and Frisk: Experiences, Self- Perceptions, and Public Safety Implications, intends to explain the negative implications of policing policies on New York Citys youth. It focused exclusively on young people in highly patrolled, high-crime areas who have been stopped by police at least once, the study surveyed roughly 500 people between the ages of 18 and 25 and conducted in-depth interviews with a smaller sample of 13- to 21 -year-olds. VERA] These surveys and interviews were then compiled to assess the impact of Stop and Frisk on New York Citys youth. One of the key findings is that this experience is a frequent occurrence that seems unjustified or unfair. Another reported injustice is the commonality with which use of force, threats, and searches occur. These reports lead to the studys main finding, which reveals the alarming number of youths that report a distrust of police and an unwillingness to cooperate with them. This study has many clear limitations to draw from it. The initial claims to explain the effects on NYCs youth cannot be accomplished with a sample size as small as it was; neither can it explain discrimination when targeting as specific demographic or neighborhood. Perhaps the most complete and well-rounded research study, from which the New York State Attorney Generals study and the New York Law School Law Review article were based, can be attributed to John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The data used in NYPDs compiled data that is public record. The researchers of John Jays Center on Race, Crime and Justice compiled, graphed and analyzed the data received, which howed some astounding results. Over the nine-year period 2003 to 2011, the annual number of stops documented by police officers in New York City more than quadrupled, from 160,851 to 685,724, before declining by 22% in 2012. CRCJ] This number includes individuals that were stopped more than once, but brings us to a greater question. NYPDs Field Training Unit Program Guide p. 3 reads, A police officer is required to prepare a UF-250 for each person stopped if one or more of the following conditions are met: the stop involves the use of force; a frisk or more xtensive search of the p erson occurs; the stop results in an arrest; or the person refuses to identify him or herself. Conversely, p. 9 reads, .. n ALL cases in which an officer detains someone based on reasonable suspicion of a felony or misdemeanor as defined by the Penal Law, a Stop, Question and Frisk Report Worksheet must be prepared. The clear incongruity exampled hear shows the probability that officers might not only be choosing to underreport, but may actually be doing so legally based off of p. 3 of their own field guide. Some disturbing data is hat of the comparison of stops to actual violent or gun-related crimes. The data shows that the number of stops reported in 2012, 532,911, was far exceeding the numbers of other serious crimes. The numbers of criminal acts such as: felonious assault, robbery, firearm possession, shooting incident, rape, and murder totaled up to only 48,403. What happened during stops was most alarming however. Guns were found only . 14% of the time, Knives and such only 1 . 13%, contraband only 1 . 7%; while suspects were frisked 55. 8%, and physical use of force by an officer was used at 7. 3% of the time. While there is the glaring possibility of underreporting by officers, this data taking from NYPDs Uniform Crime Reports is enough to highlight the ethical dilemmas that exist within Stop and Frisk policing. References Stop and Frisk: The Human Impact July 2012 Center for Constitutional Rights [CCR] Nahal Zaman, et. al Coming of age with Stop and Frisk September 2013 VERA institute [VERA] Jennifer Fratello, Andres f. Rengifo, Jennifer Trone 2013 Center on Race, Crime and Justice; John Jay College of Criminal Justice [CRCJ] Dr. Delores Jones-Brown, et. al

5 Career Strategies You Can Take from The Art of War

5 Career Strategies You Can Take from The Art of War If you’ve ever read The Art of War by Sun Tzu, you know that it was meant to be a guide for actual warfare. Taken slightly less literally, all these centuries later, it’s also a handy guide for approaching and surviving any kind of conflict, including those at work- not to mention a fantastic primer for building your leadership skills. Let’s look at some of the key points in the book that you can apply to your own career.1. Strategy is Everythingâ€Å"Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win.†If you don’t have a plan, it’s easy to get mired in the day-to-day and lose sight of your goals. It’s crucial to have short-term and long-term professional goals so you’re making active progress, instead of just dealing with whatever comes your way and waiting around for the next thing.2. Be Ready to Compromiseâ€Å"The greatest victory is that which requires no battle.à ¢â‚¬ You may know you’re right on a particular point or a way to do things, but ask yourself- if I go all in on this, what is achieved here? Part of being a team member means being ready to compromise and negotiate to make sure work is getting done. If you’re working on your own, then sure- it’s your way or else. If you’re working with others, it’s important to take their points of view into account as well. Knowing your priorities can help you figure out when it’s important to fight for something, and when you’d be better off finding a compromise.3. Keep Calmâ€Å"The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.†Work is not the place to lose your cool, even when things are rough, or someone makes you angry. Find alternative ways to settle conflicts without yelling. You can also work on your at-work relaxation techniques to help you cope with stress and resolve issues without flying off the handle.4. Embrace Off ice Politicsâ€Å"He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.†Workplaces have politics. This is just as true if you work in a fast food restaurant as it is if you work for a Fortune 500 company. Any time you put different personalities together to achieve common goals, part of your own job will be working together with others to make sure you’re getting things done.Rather than avoid conflicts, work on them and through them. You’ll be building good skills, and racking up experience points you can point to later for a promotion or a new job.5. Keep Your Confidence Levels Upâ€Å"You have to believe in yourself.†Strategy, planning, and good habits are fantastic ways to boost your career, but they’re not the most important element- you are. If you play to your strengths and know that you can handle whatever comes your way (even if it requires some extra battle planning), that confidence can improve both your work performance and the quality of opportunities that come your way.

Kempinski Hotels in United Arab Emirates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kempinski Hotels in United Arab Emirates - Essay Example At the moment the Kempinski Hotel of Ajman is in its growth period and it is expected that it will soon reach its zenith in the hospitality industry. (Sen, 448-50) 2) It is always difficult to enter any industry and the hospitality industry in UAE was no different. However with proper execution of five forces it becomes logically viable for a new company enter into a specified market Michael Porter in his famous idea of the Five Forces condenses his theory regarding the 5 separate forces, which, according to him, influence any given industry. These forces include the force of Rivalry, rampant between all the firms in the industry. Threat of substitutes is another force i.e. the threat posed by outside products which do not belong to the same industry as the product it tends to threaten. Buyer Power Barriers is another which, if high, can even set the price for things available in the market. The next one is the Supplier Power which, if high, can even bite of a good chunk of the manufacturers profit by simply supplying raw materials at a higher price. The last one is the Barriers to Entry, which is the principle key in the hands of the old firm s to keep new firms from entering the market. Porter's five forces train a new competitor to scrutinize these 5 important forces before taking decisions pertaining to strategies your firm might be keen to pursue. Porter is quick to provide antidotes to deal with each of the force he so carefully describes. To combat either of the forces he outlines 3 different types of strategies; the corporate level strategy, the business unit level strategy and the functional or departmental level strategy. These strategies ought to be utilized for successfully confronting and overpowering the problems posed by any of the 5 forces he outlines. From the parameter of the paper it could be stated that Kempinski Hotels did exactly this and thus the entry was made possible with comparative smoothness. 3) In the context of hospitality industry in UAE it can be stated that the Kempinski Hotels made a late movement into the market of UAE. It is a certainty that the first movers enjoy a considerable advantage of over the late movers and in this case hotels like Marco Polo Hotel, Millennium Hotel, Landmark Suites Hotel, Lotus Grand Hotel and Rimal Rotana all penetrated the UAE hospitality market on an earlier date than the Kempinski Hotels. However, with their brand equity of the mother concern and with the incorporation of the effective business strategies the Kempinski Hotels compromised the disadvantages of late entry and came out as winners in the long term. (King, 34-5) 4) Kempinski Hotels started their campaigns in UAE in a high note. Like all successful organizations they followed the path of strategic management and became successful. With the boom of tourism industry in UAE it was logical that there would be a heady demand for accommodation and thus the market can be stated as well secured. It has been reported that the average room occupancy in 5 and 6 star hotels range from 75% to 90% which is extremely high under all conditions. Under such circumstances it would relevant to mention that the basics of the product are already well positioned as the Kempinski Hot

Education Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education Testing - Essay Example Criterion-referenced tests provide useful benchmarks, but do not place them in context with other performers. The main disadvantage of both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced standardized tests is that schools might be tempted to make important educational decisions based solely on information from one or the other. In fact, teachers must use a judicious combination of assessments and take into account unique student differences, to create the best possible instructional plans. Informal assessments offer several advantages. They can be more holistic, easily adjusted for situational and student differences, and occur in a wide variety of contexts. One example of an informal assessment is "walking around" one's classroom. The advantages of this assessment are that it gives teachers a chance to have active meetings with students while their works are in progress. It can also be used easily in conjunction with other assessments, such as conversation records (Cole, 1999, p. 3-4). The disadvantages are that initial discipline problems might increase when you spend too much time with one group and that it may require some adaptation of your personal teaching style. Assessment conversations are an informal assessment that uses dialogue and interaction during teacher-student conferences to monitor student progress and adjust instructio

Fashion Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion Marketing - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Marketing" concerns the marketing in fashion. With a success story that continues even today, Hanes has defined the clothing industry like no other company ever has. Hanes, in 2012 used the social medium Facebook to help grow their relationship with their consumers. Underwear isn’t the first thing you would think of when listing your passions, but Hanes thought it can build an â€Å"emotional connection† with underwear shoppers and get them talking. This type of marketing succeeded. Social media, like Facebook, is at the center of this strategy. On Facebook, where it has 2.5 million likes asked open-ended questions on what your favorite underwear type is or posts that ask you to share your first experience wearing a bra. The brand is trying to get consumers talking. â€Å"Hanes wants to be able to connect with consumers beyond just the transaction,† said David Robertson, director of marketing at Hanes. â€Å"We want to communicate what the bra nd stands for. We want to hear from them and we want to establish more of an emotional connection. That ongoing relationship will lead to increased loyalty and advocacy.† H&M opened its first store in Sweden. Hennes, the name at the time specialized in women’s fashion. The franchise slowly grew opening its first store outside of Sweden in 1963. Today the company has over 2,800 locations worldwide and they specialize in clothing for women, men, and kids, and now underwear. In 2013, H&M incorporated location-based campaigns into their marketing mix.

Housekeeping and Mrs. Dalloway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Housekeeping and Mrs. Dalloway - Essay Example Robinson’s first words are: â€Å"my name is Ruth. I grew up with my younger sister, Lucille, under the care of my grandmother, Mrs. Sylvia Foster, and when she died, of her sisters-in-law, Misses Lily and Nona Foster, and when they fled, of her daughter, Mrs. Sylvia Fisher† (Robinson, p. 3). The choice of introductory sentence is extremely telling as, apart from establishing this work as a female-centric narrative, it draws up a picture of a female-dominated world. Its blatant and explicit exclusion of reference to any males may be interpreted as a direct challenge to dominant patriarchal systems. Indeed, it is even reminiscent of the exclusively-male genealogies outlined in the Bible, starting with the Book of Genesis. Within the context of the stated, the opening line may be interpreted as the narrative’s own genesis, the genesis of a matriarchal, as opposed to patriarchal, world. Patriarchy versus matriarchy is carried through in the novel’s expression of the themes of grief and loss. The protagonist, Ruth, has evidently lost both mother and father but the loss of the father and his absence is passed over as inconsequential, while the loss of the mother gives the novel its impetus. Ruth is aware of the extent to which her mother’s loss has affected her and refers to the resultant grief as a â€Å"predatory thing,† a feeling which gnaws at her and deprives her of her very sense of self (p. 198). Her grandmother’s death, her â€Å"drowning in air† (p. 164) is recalled and with it her mother’s physical drowning; her abandonment by Misses Lily and Nona are told; and her sister’s departure/abandonment, cuts through her very soul like a knife but, never is her father’s death/abandonment/loss touched upon. This clearly indicates that the world of this novel is a solidly matriarchal one in which males are, if g ranted any place at all, marginalized, semi-invisible and

Nucor Competitive Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nucor Competitive Strategy - Case Study Example The problems Nucor faces are manifold. First, Nucor should worry about how to compete in the domestic and global markets in the steel industry. Additionally, Nucor also has a basically weak managerial hierarchy and human resources system, and it is flawed for multiple reasons-which will be discussed further at length in the "Worry List" section. Although Nucor has a four-fold strategy that is designed to implement growth, this strategy, too, is riddled with dilemmas all unique unto itself (new acquisitions, new plant construction, continued plant upgrades and cost reduction efforts, and joint ventures). Nucor must address policy issues within its operations and whether they are expedient to uphold, or whether new policies should be instituted to foster a more conscientious and people-driven company than it already is. The workforce compensation practices seem to be excessive, which will be explained in-depth in the "Worry List." Finally, common-sense issues, like pricing and markeing , and the actual production logistics of how steel is made, are obviously factors that must be seriously evaluated if Nucor is expected to remain not only a vital competitor but a leader in the steel industry in the U.S. and abroad. In order to continue... issues, like pricing and markeing, and the actual production logistics of how steel is made, are obviously factors that must be seriously evaluated if Nucor is expected to remain not only a vital competitor but a leader in the steel industry in the U.S. and abroad. In order to continue being a superior organization, Nucor must as a company reevaluate its primary focus and then set its goals according to the following suggested solutions. First, regarding competition, Nucor must seriously decide where it wants to be in relation to other steel companies and take action to corner the global market on the need for exported steel, an look into supporting measures that would strengthen Nucor having an edge on the industry-a competitive advantage if you will-by making sure that U.S. and international law encourages and protects free trade, which stands to benefit Nucor Corporation. In order to be domestically competitive, Nucor should consider adjusting some of its underlying policies related to management, human resources, and compensation in order to stay abreast of the changing times. One problematic aspect about Nucor which must be altered is its seemingly laissez-faire approach to management which affects the two other aspects of the company (hu man resources and compensation). Additionally, the delicate dance of new acquisitions by the company has prospects, but there are also other entities to consider. Is the company culture and hierarchy being set forth in new acquistions manageable, and reasonable If not, this must be tweaked also. Further, the liabilities involved in new acquistitions as well as the construction of new plants and their impending operations and workforce must be evaluated. Although this company compensates its employees well for the no

Housekeeping and Mrs. Dalloway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Housekeeping and Mrs. Dalloway - Essay Example Robinson’s first words are: â€Å"my name is Ruth. I grew up with my younger sister, Lucille, under the care of my grandmother, Mrs. Sylvia Foster, and when she died, of her sisters-in-law, Misses Lily and Nona Foster, and when they fled, of her daughter, Mrs. Sylvia Fisher† (Robinson, p. 3). The choice of introductory sentence is extremely telling as, apart from establishing this work as a female-centric narrative, it draws up a picture of a female-dominated world. Its blatant and explicit exclusion of reference to any males may be interpreted as a direct challenge to dominant patriarchal systems. Indeed, it is even reminiscent of the exclusively-male genealogies outlined in the Bible, starting with the Book of Genesis. Within the context of the stated, the opening line may be interpreted as the narrative’s own genesis, the genesis of a matriarchal, as opposed to patriarchal, world. Patriarchy versus matriarchy is carried through in the novel’s expression of the themes of grief and loss. The protagonist, Ruth, has evidently lost both mother and father but the loss of the father and his absence is passed over as inconsequential, while the loss of the mother gives the novel its impetus. Ruth is aware of the extent to which her mother’s loss has affected her and refers to the resultant grief as a â€Å"predatory thing,† a feeling which gnaws at her and deprives her of her very sense of self (p. 198). Her grandmother’s death, her â€Å"drowning in air† (p. 164) is recalled and with it her mother’s physical drowning; her abandonment by Misses Lily and Nona are told; and her sister’s departure/abandonment, cuts through her very soul like a knife but, never is her father’s death/abandonment/loss touched upon. This clearly indicates that the world of this novel is a solidly matriarchal one in which males are, if g ranted any place at all, marginalized, semi-invisible and

Management Style essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Style - Essay Example In order to succeed in management, managers should possess some qualities. One of the qualities of a good manager is creativity. Creative managers have the ability to carry out projects within the organization effectively and efficiently. Moreover, creativity enables managers to combine all the organization’s resources and use them to enhance growth within the organization. The other quality that makes managers successful is through being team players. Good managers always ensure that they work with teams of employees and supervise the activities of each team to ensure that all team members are participating. Commitment is another good quality that a manager ought to possess; a manager should be committed to the success of the projects that the organization undertakes. With a committed manager, other employees in the organization can succeed even during trying times (Buchbinder, 2012). Buchbinder (2012) asserts that good managers should also be flexible and versatile. This implies that they can change their behavior based on the prevailing situation within the organization. In addition, flexibility enables managers to be open and accommodative to the views, opinions, and ideas of junior employees. Another good quality of manager is knowledge; managers should be well-equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge about management. Managers who are knowledgeable help employees learn about crucial aspects that enhance success and career growth. According to Buchbinder (2012), some managers possess poor qualities that can contribute to strained relationships with employees. One of the poor qualities that managers may have is being bullies. Some managers bully junior employees; this can be in the form of belittling and intimidating employees. This negatively affects the morale of employees and, in the long run, it can contribute to poor performance of the

Applying Psychology to Homelessnes Essay Example for Free

Applying Psychology to Homelessnes Essay Housing is a basic human want and plays an important role in ensuring the well-being children and adults. Stable housing is a necessary need for positive child and youth development in society. Although proper housing is essential for human biological and social development, statistics have shown a rising cases of homeless families with children in recent years because of inadequate affordable houses (The United States Conference of Mayors, 2006). Homelessness is a complicated socioeconomic issue with several economic and social factors underlying it. The socioeconomic factors include; poverty, inadequate affordable housing, some biological and mental ill health, community disintegration and family breakdown. These are the factors which in combinations, would contribute to the frequency, and type of homelessness (The United States Conference of Mayors, 2006). Homeless means to live without proper shelter; many people experience partial homelessness by living in uncertain, temporary, and sub-standard shelters. Homelessness has become national disaster in some countries. Some of the biological causes of homelessness are mental ill health (The United States Conference of Mayors, 2006). Due to the hard circumstances that befall homeless people throughout their lives, statistics have shown that there are higher rates of mental illness affecting this population. During the year 2008 survey conducted by the U.S Conferences of Mayors, showed mental illness the third largest cause of homelessness in the United States (The United States Conference of Mayors, 2006). Mental illnesses can be biological and medical conditions which affect the normal activity of the human brain and mind. It often affects one’s moods, emotions as well as the thought processes. The functionality of the mind is diminished hence reducing their ability of the affected individuals to take care of themselves or their living environment hence may not care even if they are living in the streets (Nielsen, 2011). Mental illness also affects an individual’s ability to make and maintain friendship and relationships and therefore, issues involving mental illness can push those closer to the affected individual away. In such case the people closer may remain homeless by keeping away or they may dispose the affected individual to be homeless in the streets (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). The other biological factor leading to homelessness is depression. Depressive disorders have been proved to be the most common factor causing homelessness with nearly 25% of homeless individuals suffering from depression. It controls individual’s outlook on life and their ability to judge circumstances. It results to low self-esteem, a loss of interest in actions that were once important as well as incapacitating effect on people’s ability to relate to others (Nielsen, 2011). Depression can be trigger homelessness because one feels isolated and lonely being homeless (Ravenhill, 2008). The feelings of isolation and loneliness have adverse effects on the relationship and could trigger rooflessness, for example, parental neglect (Ravenhill, 2008) Identify and describe at least 2 social factors that may be related to becoming or being homeless. Talk about how these factors may play a role in homelessness and support your statements with research evidence, where necessary Social factor that can cause homelessness is economic insecurity in a community or family. According to statistical findings, in the year 2005, almost 60% of individuals earning an income of less than 30% of the HUD were paying more than half of their salary on housing and accommodation, and almost the same percentage of people were also living in poor and inadequate housing (Ravenhill, 2008). Inadequate affordable housing for rental and the high economic recession have contributed to the increasing number of homeless adults and children. Economic recession have led to the high number of unemployed and has also increased laying off of employees hence people cannot afford decent housing due to lack of the rental allowance. Violence at home is another social factor that has led to homelessness in the United States of America. Violence often predicts whether children and adults would experience homelessness or not. Research has shown that most homeless mothers with children have at one point in their families experienced domestic violence. Domestic violence may make somebody run away from home to safety and in the process the affected find themselves homeless in the streets. This social factor has mostly affected women and children. Women and children in homeless shelters and those affected by domestic violence shelters are affected by same experiences like exposure to traumatic lives. Intimate family violence often triggers housing instability and in the process, one partner may run away from home. The domestic violence can be brutal beating or sexual abuse to a partner or a child (Ravenhill, 2008). In solving the problem of homelessness, the government should increase housing subsidies and provide permanent accommodation for those people living in domestic violence affected families, and unaccompanied youths. Research has shown that families who get housing subsidies are likely to have permanent housing stability than those who do not receive housing subsidy (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2008). Reference Nielsen, S. (2011). Psychiatric disorders and mortality among people in homeless shelters in Denmark: a nationwide register-based cohort study. The Lancet, 377, 2205-2214. Ravenhill, M. (2008). The culture of homelessness. Abingdon, Oxon: Ashgate Publishing Group. The United States Conference of Mayors. (2006). A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities. Retrieved April 27, 2014 from http://www.usmayors.org/publicationsNational Coalition for the Homeless. (2008). How many people experience homelessness? Retrieved April 27, 2014 from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/families Source document

Strategies for Dietetic Communication

Strategies for Dietetic Communication Abstract This report contains information about the academic discourse, history, resources used, and communication skills, which make up an important arena for a professional in the dietetic profession. A brief explanation of the AMA style manual used in the dietetic profession is also outlined and compared to the APA style manual. There is a shared understanding of language and terminology that must exist in the dietetic profession, along with knowledge of the ever-changing nutrition world that a professional works in. It is important to know the history of the profession that a person works in to fully appreciate how it evolved to what it is today and who the people are that deserve credit for their hard work and determination. Many resources are involved in gaining knowledge and producing materials that will teach others as well. From journals to magazines, there are many sources that provide up to date, valuable information that can enhance the professional career of a dietetic profession al. Communication skills are the most important characteristic of a dietetic professional. The many ways a dietetic communicates is reviewed in this report. There are many areas to explore in the dietetic profession and that is what is being presented here. Dietetic Profession DISCOURSE A certain language and style of communication that is common among groups of people can be described as discourse. Ideas and rules are shared within a profession community to effectively communicate and comprehend the intended message. A functional structure is learned and becomes common language for those who are involved a certain profession. The discourse of dietetics involves many areas of study of which one must become familiar with in order to communicate effectively with other professionals in the field. A certain vocabulary and terminology must be researched, studied, understood, and communicated between members of this educated community. It is necessary to engage in the values, vocabulary, forms, and manners of the language to be able to effective communicate with those involved in Dietetic profession (1). Learning the discourse of Dietetics begins with the desire to become a professional in the field. One has to be open to learning the required material and master it. There is no end to the learning; it is a constant demand to keep oneself up to speed with what is going on in the current time. There are always more sources, advancements, and newer interests being sparked amongst professionals who desire to make a difference. A person who desires to work in the Dietetic field may have an interest in working with the community in a public health setting, in a clinic or hospital, long-term care, or possibly in food service management. The required curriculum is relative for all of the mentioned and provides a base for a good understanding of nutrition, interpersonal communication, and the health of those that seek Dietetic services. While the classroom sets the stage for what a student seeking a Dietetic degree needs, there is so much that is also learned while performing on-the job training and internship requirements. An important aspect of Dietetic coursework is having an understanding of multiple sciences. It is a challenging biological field and demands attention in the areas of nutritional and food sciences (2). Chemistry is important to study and understand how the human body breakdowns and uses energy. The food that goes into a persons body has chemical properties that are used as energy. It is necessary to complete human anatomy and physiology courses with a firm understanding of the bodys systems and how they work. Without a clear understanding of how the body works, there would be great mystery as to how the body receives, uses, and disposes of nutrients that are consumed. Communication skills are as important as any other skill when working with other professionals in dietetics, clients, and customers. It is necessary that dietetic workers have open communication with other professionals in different fields to ensure that proper treatment and education will be delivered to the client. A common language and terminology is necessary between members of the medical and nutritional field. It is necessary to have access to Merck manuals and medical terminology manuals as a desk reference. There is a difference in presentation when considering whom the audience will be. If a Dietetic professional is presenting to others in the field, it would be appropriate to use tables and graphs that display research finding on the new diabetes medication and its effects on certain ethnic groups. In this case, medical terms and treatment plans can be discussed using words and descriptions that might not be easily recognized by a client or someone unfamiliar with medical terms. It is very important to consider any communication barriers that may be present when counseling and discussing treatment plans with clients. Therefore, it is necessary to be flexible, have, and recognize the different levels of understanding of all different kinds of people. Mathematics is actively part of the day-to-day routine of dietetic personnel. Whether it is tallying up a clients caloric intake for the day or calculating how many kilocalories a certain patient might need in accordance to their body mass index, basic math and algebra come into play each day. If a dietetic professional takes the position of food service manager, that professional has the responsibility of budget preparation, employee hours, wages, training hours, and many other areas that require the use and implementation of mathematics. Most facilities use designated computer applications and programs to keep everyone involved organized and up to date with the care plan and treatment of patients. Altru Health Systems uses Carex and Affinity computer programs to aid in assessment, charting, implementing diet orders, tracking dietary intake, room service and meal management, and for the convenience of shared information between all disciplines that have access to the programs. This is a very useful and accurate way for everyone involved to stay on the same page and therefore be able to deliver better service to the patient. Problem solving skills are tested everyday as new health conditions and medical treatments are constantly changing. Each person who walks through the door requiring dietetic services is unique and needs assessment and screening to determine the best method for treatment and care. What works for one person, may not work for the other. Each care plan is tailored to the individual for any specific needs that may be present. There may be a point when a physician refers someone to nutrition health services for treatment and while assessing the patient, something does not quite match up or a new diagnosis may be necessary. In cases like these, all health professionals need to be up to date with testing and treatment procedures. Keeping up-to-date with the advancements and knowledge of the field through joining the American Dietetic Association can offer a variety of resources and opportunities to stay involved with the profession (3). There are quarterly meetings and continuing professional education (CPE) credits that professionals can take to keep up with the latest research. Health Magazines and newspapers are also great ways to keep up with what is going on in the profession. Someone who is working in a food service management position may not know what kinds of new medications are being used in combination with nutrition therapies and vice a versa. Experimentation is happening all of the time, especially if working as a clinical dietician. Finding the right diet fit for each individual takes trial, error and patience. With the obesity epidemic, Celiac disease, and other dietary related health highlights, it is necessary for the dietetic professional to be open to new ideas and trials of treatment. Research on how the body uses certain macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals can help professionals understand why certain things affect different people, while others may not be affected at all. Sanitation and food safety is key in providing healthful food to all people, especially those who already in a compromised state. September is National Food Safety Education Month, which was created to heighten the awareness of the importance of food safety (4). Proper hand washing, sanitation of workspaces, avoiding cross-contamination, proper cooling methods, and ensuring food is cooked and held for service at the appropriate temperatures must be implemented. A Serve Safe certification is necessary to obtain prior to completion of the outlined curriculum for the dietetic program. This certification is good for five years and needs to be renewed before expiration; otherwise, the course must be repeated to obtain a new certification. The Food Guide Pyramid was developed by the US Department of Agriculture to be used as a visual tool to help people make healthy food choices (5). This is a helpful guide for Dietetic professionals to use when counseling patients and designing meal plans. There is also a specific Food Guide Pyramid for patients with diabetes. The exchange system, in regards to carbohydrates, needs to be considered when preparing a healthy meal plan for this community of people. There are many sources, which can be accessed to aid members of this community in learning and developing a professional and working knowledge of the required technical language and methods used for effective communication. Reading academic journals, attending ADA meetings, joining committees, networking within, attending conferences and workshops, and reading health and nutritional magazines can all be great sources to discover the language used and the format in which the message is delivered. Dietetic Practice Groups (DPG) provides opportunities to increase knowledge through newsletters, publications and continuing professional education credits (6). People who have a shared interest in a more specific area of the profession set up these groups. The goals and interests of the ADA are upheld as new issues are explored and focused on. These groups can help members network and be part of a smaller group within a larger group, of which they become the expert on a specific topic or issue. The AMA style manual is used in the Dietetic profession and provides the appropriate format for citation and professional writing. The manual provides a guide for abbreviating and referencing materials that are commonly used in the writings of professional works. The ADA website, www.eatright.org, is a great place to find important communication information, ranging from sample letters to forms, to application assistance. The discourse of Dietetics is complex and takes time and interest to become the expert in. HISTORY The history of food and nutrition dates back as far as the beginning of recorded history. In the era of hunters and gathers, people knew that they had to eat in order to survive. The teachings and techniques that were used to obtain food at that time came from trial and error. It was up to the people to figure out which foods were suitable and which could possibly cause illness or even death. The importance of food, specific dietary patterns and disease prevention were observed in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, dating back to 2500 BCE (7). Looking beyond the medieval era, western science and medicine developed ways of thinking about food and health between 600 BCE and 300 CE (7). Societies throughout each era have looked at diet and nutrition as a means of healthy living and survival. Through the Renaissance and up to the eighteenth century, reports have noted that diet and nutrition were an integral part of having a fulfilled life (7). Many documents from ancient and historical times have evidence that inventions for food processing were becoming common knowledge and new foods were being discovered. In this time, food was mostly produced and consumed entirely within the local area. A familys nourishment was provided by the food that was grown and prepared within the family and exchanged with nearby neighbors. Cooking and preservation techniques at this time were not necessarily safe but were evolving towards more advanced processes. During the Industrial Revolution, the introduction of railroads and wagon roads made the transfer of goods possible at greater distances. This shift began to affect the foods that people had access to and what they ate (8). The science of nutrition began to emerge in the early to mid nineteenth century. During this time, both Europe and the United States were influenced by their governments to increase the yield of food from plant crops and animal herds (7). Food production held a very important role in nourishing the soldiers who were fighting in the war. Safe food was soon found to be the key for survival of troops, especially those who had been wounded and needed proper nourishment to fight illness and infection. Dietetics as a profession can be linked back to the evolution of home economics (9). The early evolution of food and nutrition science was explored to feed soldiers in battle and to also to provide necessary nutrition to those who were preparing to become young soldiers. Nutrition and appropriate food choices were demonstrated to young families to ensure healthy individuals. World War I brought food shortages. Those who were knowledgeable in dietetics encouraged others to plant gardens and learn how to develop recipes for home and hospital use. Both world wars experienced the creation of dietetics as a profession (9). Many important people deserve credit in the history of Dietetics. Far more than five people contributed to its development. Dietetics is largely applied by the use of chemistry. It is necessary to recognize Antoine Lavoisier, who is known as the Father of Chemistry. Lavoisier was born into an upper class, Paris family in 1743. He was able to obtain a law degree at the College Mazarin, though he never practiced law. He had more interest in mathematics and science and gained membership into the Academy of Sciences at 25 years old. (10). Lavoisier had many contributions, which include the assistance in establishing the metric system, to naming 33 elements of periodic table. He died at 51 from literally losing his head. He was found guilty of conspiracy against the people of France. Wilbur Olin Atwater, an American chemist, was born May 3, 1844 in Johnsburg, New York. Atwater is known for his studies in human nutrition and metabolism. He pursued an undergraduate degree at Wesleyan University in Connecticut and later went on to obtain his PhD from Yale Universitys Sheffield Scientific School in agricultural chemistry (11). Atwater invented a device called the respiration calorimeter that measured human metabolism balance by analyzing the heat produced and metabolic rate by a person performing certain activities. This new invention aided many new studies in dietary evolution and food analysis (7, 8, 11). Energy and protein sources were studied and measured to determine that certain foods provide different amounts of nutrients and energy than others. The fat, protein, and carbohydrates of all different kinds of foods were observed and soon there was an awareness of the food calorie. Atwater continued to lead research teams on the discovery of nutrient requirements, food composition and consumption, and consumer economics (12). Throughout his discoveries, Atwater determined that Americans eat more unhealthful foods than desired and do not exercise enough. Florence Nightingale, born 1820 in Tuscany into an upper class family, needs to be mentioned as a contributor to Dietetics as she was the one who acknowledged the need for safe and nutritious food for soldiers during the Crimean War (13). She was actually a pioneer nurse in her time and was determined to improve the living conditions at the camp hospitals and made an effort to clean and organize facilities where patients were cared for. Her contributions helped spread awareness of the necessity for clean, safe, and nutritious foods. There is a long history of health and nutrition and the involvement and contribution of many people and their discoveries has made great progress. Most of the progress has been made in the last 100 years, as new technologies have been a great asset to nutritional health and implementation. Scientific advances, social and economic factors, and military conflicts are contributors to the advancement of the dietetic profession as well. The most important contribution would have to be the determination and dedication by early dietitians who knew that there was a difference to be made and that they were the ones who would be able to make that difference. The understanding and importance of good eating habits was not common, not known, or perhaps just not understood by most of society. Scientific experiments were documented and scholarly journals written about nutrients, but they were almost impossible to understand by anyone who was not in the dietetic profession. Alice Blood was the one who would be able to put all of the difficult works into something that could be understood by large public audience. She translated science-based nutrition information into easy-to-read pamphlets in an effort to educate people on good nutrition. Alice Blood obtained a bachelors degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a PhD in biochemistry from Yale. She also held the title of director at the School of Household Economics at Simmons College in Massachusetts (14). Many changes came about in 1917 for the dietetics profession and many women contributed to these changes. A new organization, the American Dietetic Association [ADA], was born in the fall of 1917 when more than 100 women organized a meeting in Cleveland to discuss multiple issues within dietetics. Lulu Graves, a dietician in Cleveland, held a strong position that dietitians play an important role of the medical team and that when nutrition services are offered to patients, money is saved (14). This is a time when dietitians had the primary role of feeding the wounded and sick in hospitals. The doctors were the ones who could prescribe special diets for treatments and dietitians were like the physicians assistants. At this point, doctors were primarily male and all dietitians were female. Graves stressed the importance of scientific training for dietitians and knew that the future of dietetics would be assured. Lulu Graves was elected the first president of the ADA (15). At the first meeting, many issues were discussed especially concerning food conservation and global food needs. This was an important time for the Association to come together, as World War I was still in full. The annual meeting to follow had greater attendance and included more states involvement. By the sixth annual meeting, which was held in Indianapolis in 1923, insulin was presented as the new treatment for diabetes (15). Insulin was discovered and isolated at the University of Toronto in 1921-1922 by Dr. Frederick Banting (16). Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas and is necessary to keep glucose levels in the blood at a safe and functional level. This was a major event in dietetic history, as the diagnosis and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes continues to be largely addressed. Food technology was on the rise going into the 1930s. Refrigerators, toasters, canned goods, frozen vegetables, sliced bread and many other developments were introduced. These new preparation and storage methods provided more convenience for keeping food on hand. Obesity became a health concern, which was the topic of discussion towards the end of the 30s. Soon to follow would be the opening of the first McDonalds and Dairy Queen in the early 1940s (15). If what was known then about the negative health affects Americans would experience from frequenting fast food chains, one has to wonder if there would be any earlier changes in the way food is processed and produced for these places. Martha Lewis Nelson was a pioneer in exploring total education of dietitians (14). The original dietetic program was a four-year course at a University with a major in food and nutrition with a six-month dietetic internship. In 1942, Lewis was the director of Medical Dietetics at Ohio State University and she redesigned the internship program, making it possible to earn a Master of Science degree along with the internship (14). Many institutions today use this curriculum to develop education programs for dietetics. In 1966, nutrition and diet therapy services were included in comprehensive medical care programs. Clare Forbes, a Massachusetts delegate to the ADAs House of Delegates, was the force behind this movement (14). Forbes is credited for developing future state legislative programs and guiding the development of the ADAs mission statement (14). Twenty-six years ago, in 1982, the ADAs capacity to reach the public on food nutrition, and health concerns was forever changed. A new resource center, National Canter for Nutrition and Dietetics, was funded through a capital fund program (15). National Nutrition Month is one of the outreach programs that are very active today. The purpose of National Nutrition Month is to help make people aware of necessity of a healthy lifestyle and diet. Many more factors go into health other than just what a person eats. Diet and exercise go hand in hand. If it were not for the good old girls Blood, Graves, Lewis Nelson, and Forbes, the American Dietetic Association may not exist today. It is up to those in the profession to get the message out to the public about good health and nutrition so that money and lives can be saved in the end. Over the past 20 years, many new diet fads have been introduced. Some of these diets have proven to be effective and safe while others are affective and unsafe. Most often the results are temporary, as the people get bored with the same food or routine and then end up failing. Reading nutrition labels and ingredient lists on foods has become more popular in the past couple of years as people now have a better idea of what they are looking for. There are multiple commercials, newspaper articles, and health magazines that give health alerts to new findings in the food that people eat. With all of the sources in which nutrition facts and health information can be found, Americans are far more educated now than they ever have been before. The image is to get into shape and live healthier lifestyles. The advancements in medical technology have expanded the role of the dietetic professional on so many levels. Special diets, mechanically altered foods, and diagnosis of new disease conditions have forced nutritional professionals to test and experiment with new ways of feeding patients and ensuring that they are receiving appropriate nutrition. RESOURCES From academic journals to informational web sites, dietetic professionals look to many sources each day for updated health information and new discoveries. As a dietetic technician, registered dietician, nutritionist, or educator of dietetics, it is necessary to have many resources readily available. Educating and keeping up to date with the latest and greatest is the responsibility of each individual to ensure that they are providing the best possible care to patients. Since there are different focus areas in the dietetic profession, it is necessary to identify the best possible resources in which to keep each self informed and to continue learning day to day. The first major reference that is read and referred to regularly is the Journal of the American Dietetic Association. This journal covers practice applications, research that has been conducted, a calendar of events, new products and services, and a list of periodicals abstracted. Any area of study in the dietetic profession will be able to find useful information is in the journal. There is also a listing of job opportunities and advertisement for education at the back of the journal. Contact information is provided for non-dietetic professional to contact those who are in the profession (17). Elsevier Inc. in New York, NY publishes the Journal of the American Dietetic Association monthly. The copyright belongs to the American Dietetic Association with all rights reserved (17). Journals can be ordered from the publisher, found in public and school libraries and accessed online. There are certain journals that will most often be on the desks or bookshelves of those in the dietetic profession. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a publication of the American Society for Nutrition (18). The major focus of this journal is to provide information from clinical studies that have been conducted on basic human nutrition. This is a wonderful source to keep professionals up to date with the newest results from experiments and findings that have been performed by researchers and scientists. Using this journal as a reference is important, as all research is relevant to those in the profession. This journal is published monthly with two volumes per year in Bethesda, MD (18). Print and online subscriptions are available to both members and non-members of the dietetic profession. This journal can also be found in libraries. The Journal of Nutrition provides professionals with information on experiment nutrition, controversial issues in nutrition and critical reviews of nutrition scientists. This journal began circulation in 1928 as the official publication of the American Society for Nutrition. The journal publishes manuscripts that advance the understanding of nutritional mechanisms in the human population (19). This journal is also published monthly in Bethesda, MD. Anyone who has a membership in the American Society for Nutrition has access to the online version of the Journal of Nutrition. The journal can be found in the library and subscribed to through the publisher. Another journal, Nutrition, is designed as both an open access online journal and as a hardcopy version published by Elsevier. The interest of the journal is to publish results from clinical trials performed by physicians and scientists of all fields that aim to find better ways of determining treatment and diagnosis. Research articles, case studies, and peer reviews are all included in this journal. BioMed Central is the independent publisher of Nutrition journal online. Once articles are accepted and published by BioMed Central, they are also accessible at PubMed Central and MEDLINE (20). Access to BioMed Central can be achieved by using the URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com. Nutrition Research journal is An International Publication to Advance Food and Life Science Research (21). The journal is another one of many publications that is from Elsevier. Dietetic professionals refer to this journal for the latest articles and reviews of basic and applied nutrition, global communication of nutrition, and research on food and health. The purpose of the journal is to provide an advanced understanding of nutrients and how dietary components improve health conditions in humans. The publication of Nutrition Research began in 1981 (21). There is a Nutrition Package that can be purchased which includes the fore mentioned Nutrition Journal and the Nutrition Research journal, which is available through Elsevier. The American Journal of Health Behavior is the official publication of the American Academy of Health Behavior. PNG Publications in Star City, WV publish this journal bimonthly. Members of the American Academy of Health Behavior receive the journal as part of their membership. Online access to the journal is included in the membership (22). The journal provides valuable information on maintenance, restoration, and improving health using multiple methods. Information on how behavior causes health affects and how health care programs can and have been implemented can be found in this journal as well. This journal is a valuable tool for dietetic professionals, as the studies included give information that can be used when educating patients and designing diet plans and healthy lifestyle outlines. A professional in dietetics who wishes to become an educator would find it a good idea to become part of the Society for Nutrition Education [SNE]. With a membership to SNE, professionals have access to the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Elsevier in New York, NY publishes the journal bimonthly (23). Journal articles and abstracts are accessible online at MEDLINE and www.jneb.org. Information that is found in the journal and online is beneficial for all levels of education. From school-aged children learning about the food groups to parents learning about appropriate feeding patterns, this resource will help educators with all levels of cliental. Four major magazines most often appear on the desks or end tables in the offices of dietitians and other nutrition professionals. Todays Dietitian is the most popular magazine subscription, which includes a wide range of health topics such as diabetes management, food allergies, research updates, and long-term care information. Great Valley Publishing Co., Inc. in Spring City, PA publishes this magazine (24). This magazine is very informational and easy to navigate to find exactly what a person is looking for. Todays Diet Nutrition offers expert information on issues such as eating right, exercising and getting results. Like the Todays Dietitian magazine, Great Valley Publishing Co. Inc. publishes Todays Diet Nutrition in Spring City, PA (25). Food, fitness, knowledge, and balance are all important aspects in living a healthy life and this magazine has valuable information to help the health-conscious person achieve what they are looking for and working toward. This magazine is published bimonthly. Most libraries carry this subscription and it can be purchased at Barnes Noble and many other retail outlets. A magazine that offers the newest information on fad diets and newly discovered functions of nutrients is Nutrition Today, published by Lippincott Williams Wilkins in Philadelphia, PA (26). The magazine covers topics of nutrition science, obesity and behavior, nutritional guidelines, and the business of nutrition and roles of the nutritional professional. Information found in this magazine is from credible sources, which includes scientists and nutritionists who back their reports and findings with evidence. This is a very good source to reference when seeking information about the latest diets and up-to-date controversial issues in dietetics. Continuing education and keeping oneself up to date is extremely important in the dietetic profession. Registered dietitians and technicians can complete Continuing Professional Education (CPE) credits in a number of ways. One great resource for this is the Topics in Clinical Nutrition magazine, published in Philadelphia, PA by Lippincott Williams Wilkins (27). New and updated issues are addressed and current research results are provided to keep professionals up to speed with the ever-changing world of nutrition. Members of the American Dietetic Association can become part of Dietetic Practice Groups (DPG), which focus on certain areas of nutrition and health. Newsletters are printed monthly or quarterly, depending which group the member is involved in. These newsletters are available online as well as hard copy. Copyright belongs to the American Dietetic Association and is published by Elsevier Inc (28). The Nutrition Research Newsletter is a monthly newsletter published by Technical Insights/Frost Sullivan in San Antonio, TX (29). The latest developmen

Why Hitler was Able to Dominate Germany by 1934 :: Papers

Why Hitler was Able to Dominate Germany by 1934 Hitler was able to dominate Germanyby 1934 because of many events that occurred between 1923 and 1934 which helped his rise to power. In 1919 Hitler became the leader of the German workers party. By 1920 it was renamed the Nazi party and Hitler was its leader. Hitler organised the party as a military group, in 1921 he set up a private army called the Sturm-Abteilung or the SA. They dressed in brown and were sometimes known as brown shirts. Most were young men and some where former members of friekorps. The SA was designed to intimidate and destroy opposition; their militaristic style gave emphasis on the party's discipline and reminded citizens of Germany's strong militaristic background in the hope of gaining support. On 9th November 1923 Germanywas in chaos and Hitler allied with the former general ludendorf and attacked the government in Munichwith all 300 members of his party. This rebellion is known as the Munichputsch, it was however crushed by those still loyal to the government and Hitler was sentenced to 8 months in Landsberg fortress. His weak sentence and comfortable lodgings in prison show that even then people supported his anti-Semitic views. In prison Hitler wrote mien kampf (my struggle) which was an auto biography containing a detailed account of his views. This when published in 1925 quickly became a best seller and was a type of bible for the Nazi party. Hitler's time in prison let him think and he decide that if he wanted power he would have to obtain it legally through being voted in by the people. Democracy had some weaknesses and Hitler was ready to exploit them. Even though after the Munichputsch the Nazi party was banned they carried on campaigning and entered the Reichstag elections in a different name. In the May elections of 1924 they earned 32 seats, even though this dropped to 14 in December of the same year they still remained in the government which was the foothold Hitler would use to

Kinds of System

Is a system that captures, enters stores, retrieves and processes the relevant details of business events, and generates the information/document necessary for running he organization and interfacing with external entities, such as customers. Transaction – Is the process of dlvldlng a body of data Into blocks and spreading the data blocks across several partitions on several hard disks. Features of Transaction Processing Systems 1. Rapid response – fast performance with rapid results 2.Reliability- well designed backup and recovery with a low failure rate 3. Inflexibility – treat every transaction equally. It may be used many times each day which means it has to be precise and inflexible 4. Controlled processing – maintain speclflc requirements for the roles and responsibilities of different employees. Types of -rps Batch processing Is where the Information Is collected as a batch and then processed later on. An example of batch processing is paying by che que.Batch processing is useful for enterprises that need to process large amounts of data using limited resources Batch Processing system Real Time Processing is where all details of the transaction are recorded and changed at the time as It occurs. Examples of real time processing are ATM's. The importance of data In transaction processing: Data security Is Important as data Is often confidential or has a commercial value, herefore, it needs to be protected from unauthorized access.Data accuracy means that the data is correct and that the data is up to date (current) Data integrity describes the reliability of data. This will include statements of data currency, correct entry of data and accuracy of the data. TPS serve two purposes. 1 . To support day-to-day, routine operations by being made accessible to those parts of the organization (as well as to external entities) where they are needed. 2. To feed 1 OFA effectiveness and efficiency of the operations. The computer system media ting between the humans and physical reality in an nventory application.Updates brought about by a transaction are of three types: Adding a new record, such as when a new customer signs up Changing an existing record, such as changes in credit available for a customer when that customer makes new purchases or returns already purchased products Deleting a record, such as when a product is discontinued TPSs are characterized by Large amounts of input/output Large number of users Huge storage requirements Low computational complexity Fast input/output as well as processing capabilities A high degree of concern for potential security related problems A high degree of oncern for reliability and fault tolerance.Five Stages of Transaction Processing Data Entry Processing Database Maintenance Document And Report Generation Inquiry Processing Management Information Systems Provide information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals to support business decision making. A management information system is an information system that uses the data collected by the managers can use it to make routine business decisions in response to problems. Some of the reports that this information systems creates are summary, exception and ad hoc reports.All this is done to increase the efficiency of managerial activity. Most management information systems specialize in particular commercial and industrial sectors, aspects of the enterprise, or management substructure. Management information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firm's underlying transaction processing systems[5] to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle management to ompile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making. Exec utive Information Systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations. Marketing Information Systems (MIS) are Management Information Systems designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business.Office Automation Systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any nd all levels of management. School Information Management Systems (SIMS) covers school administration, and often including teaching and learning materials. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) facilitates the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manages the connections to outside stakeholders.Advantages The following are some of the benefits that can be attained for different types of management information systems. Co mpanies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company improve their business processes and operations. Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool. The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs of the customers.The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. Some disadvantages can exist when using a management information system in a company. Expensive Installing a management information system can be expensive for a company. Information technology†while cheaper today than previous years†can represent a significant expense, especially for larger organizations. These systems may also require ongoing support or upgrade fees, which can represen t future fixed cash outflows.Companies must create a budget to pay for these items to ensure the information system stays current with business technology. Attempting to integrate these systems with technology currently in use can also increase expenses. Companies may need to hire maintenance individuals to help keep an electronic information system running smoothly. These individuals often need experience in omputer science functions and other business topics. Not only does this increase labor costs, but it also requires additional training and ongoing education for these individuals.Business technology can change frequently, creating an environment where companies must have trained individuals who can properly maintain computers, websites, servers and other equipment in use by the management information system. Ineffective Management information systems have the potential to become ineffective in a company's operations. As with all computer systems, the management information syst em is only as good as the programmer. Gathering unimportant or non-essential information can delay business decisions because managers must request additional input.Spending too much time reprogramming or correcting issues can also increase the time spent in the decision-making process. Business owners and managers may also need extensive training on new systems, creating a learning curve that will hopefully diminish over time. Unemployment While information, Information Security Selection Software Evaluation Reports, they secure Information Exchange in an Insecure World, Lack of Job security, Dominant culture , there is no privacy, expensive, maintenance and ineffective.

Virgin and Child with Saint Anne

The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne Rebecca Townsend Hum2235 Dr. Hoover Edison College Fall 2012 Townsend 1 The painting of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne took more than a decade to complete. It was created in the 16th century, in Florence Italy. A young master artist declined the original commission for The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and suggested Leonardo da Vinci. The monks who commissioned the painting, an artifact of Christ’s family tree, gave Leonardo a workroom.The figures in the picture are of Saint Anne representing the grandmother, the Virgin as mother (Mary/Madonna), the Child as Christ, and the lamb as the future sacrifice of Jesus. They are closely intertwined in the painting showing their tight bond in Christian History. Da Vinci could not separate Christianity from his work. Leonardo in his painting as well as in his life seemed to cultivate a sense of mystery (Capra XIX). The monks of the Florentine Santissima Annunziata commissioned Leonardo to pa int The Virgin and Child with St. Anne as an altarpiece for their high altar. In his typical fashion, Leonardo did not complete the work on time.The monks, eager for their altarpiece had to commission another artist to complete the work. The monks approached Filippo Lippi to complete the work Leonardo had started. Filippo Lippi was the artist that painted Madonna and Child with Two Angels in 1465. Lippi was the artist who had initially rejected the commission suggesting the monks give the project to Leonardo. Lippi considered Leonardo to be a superior artist. Lippi agreed to finish the project but died before its completion. After Lippi died, the monks had a young Florence artist named Perugino finally complete the piece.At last, the monks of the Santissima Annuziata in Florence had their painting for their high altar. Some consider the painting to be a treasure of esoteric and occult wonders. Some are fascinated by the sight of St. Anne supporting her heavy daughter on her knee, wi th no visible means of support (Budny36). Townsend 2 It’s hard to find any evidence of Leonardo’s beliefs in his paintings, since there are no written records that have survived if they ever existed. Leonardo believed that a good artist must also be a good scientist in order to best understand and describe nature.The humanistic, naturalistic, and scientific aspects of Leonardo’s life and work are not always clear because he was an original Renaissance man [Leonardo’s art, scientific investigations, technological inventiveness, and humanistic philosophy were all bound] together. During the 16th century he made numerous drawings and sketches with different themes that eventually lead to this famous artifact The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. Various designs still exist of the version painted in 1510. Leonardo could not fuse the two qualities he desired: an abstract formula and the immediacy of life.The final painting now hangs in the Louvre in Paris. The painting is a complex and masterful synthesis of his previous variations (Capra 105). In some research it is stated that this artifact is unfinished, even though he had worked on this painting possibly for eight or nine years (Bramly 321). Leonardo had a habit of never finishing his work. Leonardo had drawn many different cartoons painting and sketches leading up to the final painting of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. One of his cartoon sketches had St. John the Baptist kneeling next to Christ (Capra 105). Leonardo switched St.John to a lamb in the final painting. The lamb (sacrificial animal) represents passion suffering in Christ’s destiny. It is not known why Leonardo replaced St. John, who was Christ’s cousin, with a lamb. He painted the Christ child as being about a year old. It looks as if he is slipping out of his mother’s hands and trying to grab hold of his destiny, the lamb. The lamb, being embraced by Christ has his head bent, while its tail a nd hind legs are clearly indicated to be in a comfortable place (Johannes 86). Townsend 3 Leonardo put his thoughts to paper and painted through, light, shadow, and geometry, using three dimensions.Da Vinci declared, â€Å"There are three kinds of perspective. † The first is concerned with the reason for the diminution of things as they form from the eye. Second contains the way in which colors vary as they form the eye. The third and last declaration of how objects should appear less distinct the more distant they are. Examples, perspective of disappearance (Capra 219). Perspective in painting was his destiny. From the pyramidal construction to the fact that only three feet belonging to the figures are visible, everything in the picture seems to be threefold.In fact in this painting, Leonardo was pursuing a theological meditation on the destiny of Christ, which had begun in his early painting Virgin of the Rocks (Bramly 320). Most research indicates the rocks, mountain strea ms, and escarpments of his childhood made up his private landscape in his paintings (Bramly 86). Leonardo depicts the women as sister like in age even though they are indeed mother and daughter. Saint Anne, the mother of Virgin and Child, sits with her daughter on her lap. The Virgin is half rising from her sitting position and she appears to want to restrain her daughter from separating the Child and lamb (Kemp 273).It is unusual for Mary to be portrayed in her mother’s lap. The painting may have more meaning to it than the Passion of Christ. Saint Anne perhaps represents the Church in this painting. Art critics have admired the unity of the three figures, the freedom of movement, the sweet and melting quality of the faces, and the mountains in the background. The family figures almost blend into each other in their rhythmic balance, with Leonardo’s dreamy mountains, foreshadowing the landscape of the Madonna, in the background (Capra 105). What better way to describe the bond of maternal love uniting three generations?Leonardo had written in a short note in one of his journals, The Virgin and Child Townsend 4 with Saint Anne means â€Å"the glorification of motherhood†. The Virgin and Saint Anne in this masterpiece seem to be about the same age in the painting, with their two bodies merging almost into one. Leonardo gave the child two mothers both graced with the blessed smile of happiness. To the viewer’s eye, the painting may imply to evoke his thoughts on his childhood which the painter wanted our thought as childhood had been divided between his real mother and his stepmother.He may have united them in his mind as he did in his painting, a picture that no one could have painted except of Leonardo De Vinci (Bramly 318). Both women, Saint Anne and the Virgin, have dedicated their lives to God, which had touch Da Vinci. One research source stated that in the painting Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, the Virgin is designed first, as she is in so many of his drawing, and the landscape seems to flow from her. The Painting is designed by Da Vinci in a diagonal, where we formerly saw a pronounced swing down from top right at the crown of the tree, through St .Anne’s left arm and elbow, through the successive arm/knee/arm/knee configuration of the Virgin, down to the placement of St. Anne’s feet on the then more brightly â€Å"spotlighted† left section of the rocky foreground. Against that progression, we saw in the earlier state how Leonardo had orchestrated a countervailing upper left to the bottom right sweep through the principal heads and the arms of the Virgin and the Child, down to the rump and tail of the lamb. This movement was decisively echoed and enforced by the parallel diagonals of the Virgin’s right leg and St.Anne’s left leg (Johannes 3). It is stated that Saint Anne’s left arm was painted the same way in another Leonardo da Vinci painting. Townsend 5 Leo nardo’s composition of the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne is perhaps the one which, of all his designs, he contemplated the longest and in great depth. Perhaps, he felt attracted by the particular formal and iconographical problems presented by the subject. When we were asked to select an artifact to research and write about, the painting of the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne caught my eye.The love and compassion in the women’s eyes and their expressions towards the innocent child reminds me of the love I have for my own children. Although much research has been done to discover why Leonardo painted the picture the way he did, it is still unclear. It is unclear why the women appear to be the same age and why he substituted St. John with the lamb for the final painting. Research is still being done on his journals and notes. Leonardo, who was left handed, wrote all his notes in mirror writing, from right to left (Capra, 27).Perhaps further analysis of his notes and sketches will reveal more insight into the painting of the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. [pic] Work Citied Bramly Serge. Leonardo the Artist and the Man. Penguin Group. Great Britain. 1994. Print. Budny Virginia. The Art Buletin. Vol. 65, No. 1 (Mar. , 1983), pp. 34-50. Print. Capra Fritjof. The Science of Leonardo. New York. Anchor. December 2008. Print Johannas Nathan. Miteilungen. 36. Bd. H. ? (1992), pp. 85-102. Article. Kemp Martin. Leonardo on Painting. Yale Nota Bene. Yale University. 2001. Print. Marani Pietro C. Leonardo Da Vinci. Abrams Harry N. New York: 2000. Print.