Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men is a touching tale of the friendship between two men–set against the backdrop of the United States during the depression of the 1930s. The book addresses the real hopes and dreams of working-class America. Steinbeck's short novel raises the lives of the poor and dispossessed to a higher, symbolic level. The novel opens with two workers who are crossing the country on foot to find work. George is a cynical, irresolute man. George looks after his companion, Lennie–treating him like a brother. Lennie is a giant man of incredible strength, but has a metal disability that makes him slow-to-learn and almost child-like. George and Lennie had to flee the last town because Lennie touched a woman's dress and he'd been accused of rape. They begin to work at a ranch, and they share their dream: they want to own their own piece of land and farm for themselves. They feel dispossessed and unable to control their own lives. The climactic moment of the novel revolves around Lennie's love of soft things. He pets the hair of Curley's wife, but she gets scared. In the resulting struggle, Lennie kills her and runs away. The farmhands form a lynch mob to punish Lennie, but George finds him first. George understands that Lennie cannot live in the world, and he wants to save him the pain and terror of being lynched, so he shoots him in the back of the head. The literary power of Of Mice and Men rests firmly on the relationship between the two central characters, their friendship and their shared dream. These two men are so very different, but they come together, stay together, and support each other in a world full of people who are destitute and alone. In a way, Of Mice and Men is an extremely despondent novel. The novel shows the dreams of a small group of people and then contrasts these dreams with a reality that is unreachable, which they cannot achieve. Even though the dream never becomes reality, Steinbeck does leave us with an optimistic message. George and Lennie do not achieve their dream, but their friendship stands out as a shining example of how people can live and love even in a word of alienation and disconnectedness. Its powerful ending is climactic and shocking to the extreme. But, we also come to an understanding of the tragedy of life. Regardless of the sufferings of those who live it, life goes on. The book is great, highly recommended. There’s so much human nature in those few pages, it’s just amazing how Steinbeck managed to pack it all in so nicely. Many of the most major and fundamental principles of the human psyche are here – self-esteem, meaning to one’s life, loneliness, friendship, love. The book is a masterpiece.

Effects of Job Rotation Essay

Discuss the various issues of managerial behaviour and related matters raised by this case study Laurie J. Mullins argues that A fist step in the effective management of other people is confidence in your own ability, and awareness of your own strengths and weaknesses. Why is it then that managers find it difficult to admit their mistakes, to say sorry or to laugh at themselves? 1 In the building society case study, there are examples of bad managerial behaviour on the part of both Mary Rodgers, the branch manager and Jane Taylor, the senior branch assistant. Jane Taylor was clearly good at her job if, after four years, she was promoted to this new role, yet within a short period of time, she was having trouble with Tony Jackson. Looking back at what Mullins said, Miss Taylor doesn’t appear to have confidence in her own ability or indeed awareness in her own strengths and weaknesses. According to Thompson ;amp; McHugh â€Å"control is not an end in itself, but a means to transform the capacity to work established by the wage relation into profitable production†, and Jane is unable to control her sub-ordinate – what are the reasons for this? Part of the problem stems from the beginning of the case study and the relationship between Jane and her manager. Mary Rogers does not instil any confidence in Jane when she effectively ‘dumps’ this new role. Up until now, Jane has been performing specific task functions and has no real knowledge of how to manage people as she has previously been performing the duties of a cashier and looking after mortgage advice accounts – more task orientated skills rather than managerial ones. The refresher course she attends includes nothing on this either and Jane immediately falls into what McGregor calls the ‘Theory X’ assumption of human nature. The central principle of ‘Theory X’ is direction and control through a centralised system of organisation and exercise of authority2 and Jane automatically tries to coerce and direct Tony Jackson. The inability of Mary Rodgers to provide effective support and development for Jane shows a clear ineptitude on her part. She admits herself that the reason for Jane’s promotion is that â€Å"I [Mary] need someone to take some of the weight off my shoulders† and she seems to be reluctant to help intervene and solve

Julius Caesar Vs. Political Cartoon Essay

Conflicting perspectives exist within texts and their representation is affected by the context of the composer. Using your prescribed text and a related text of your own choosing, assess the impact of this statement on a contemporary audience. Hello user coolkitty96, and the rest of HSC tutorial users who will stumble across this video, you seem to be having some trouble with Julius Caesar in Module C, are you not? Well no fear of Shakespeare, as I am here! I believe what you should first focus on is the understanding of the module, as it’s going to be the main focus; the rest should come naturally. Anyway, as you should already know, the process of composition often seeks to represent an opinion in such way that it attempts to influence the responders to agree or empathise with the composer. Now, due perspective being such a subjective topic, conflict will inevitably arise, which then creates different interpretations of the original story. The context of a composer will sha pe the way in which perspectives are represented within a text, blurring the fine line between truth and propaganda. These viewpoints can be explored in different textual representations, for example Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar, as well as a visual representation of text, such as Latuff’s political cartoon On the Gaza-Israel Conflict., Values and personal beliefs, experiences as well as influences from the society and culture of the composer are present within such texts thus remaining relevant to a more modern audience, allowing a better understanding of truth and how its perceiving is explored within the text. Okay, so the society which surrounds the composer and his personal beliefs shapes the way in which the truth is conveyed within a text. You can see this in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, which was actually written to examine issues of leadership, politics, honour and patriotism within his society. Through the manipulations of the characters dialogue, Shakespeare is able to highlight this purpose. An example of this could be the discussions between Cassius and Brutus in Act 1 scene 2 where Cassius begins to implant on Brutus the idea that â€Å"This man is now become a god† and must  be stopped. It is impossible that the words written by Shakespeare were the ones uttered at the time of the event, especially due to the Latin to English translations, thus displaying the effect of context and purpose of a text and its effect within the actual representation. The composer, as well as a vast majority of the Elizabethan population, was also a superstitious figure and a believer in the Great chain of being and the order it imposes. This is highlighted through the Death of Caesar within the play, and the tragedy it creates. Caesar, as head of the senate, held high amounts of power and his murder by his fellow senators who led the conspiracy plot, upset the natural balance of the order. The tension and drama created by these actions act as the catalyst for the rest of the play. The last line spoken by Caesar before his death â€Å"Then fall Caesar† is used to symbolise the impeding downfall of the Roman Empire due to the importance of Caesar at the time. The line also presents to the audience a humble and resigned ruler, whom accepted the people’s choice of his death for the benefit of Rome, a contrasting truth to what Cassius had originally propagated of a God-like Caesar who would never refuse his power. This allows the audienc e of the time a simple understanding of a similar political situation to their own, highlighting the vulnerability of an unstable government. The political situations and references found within the text allow it to remain pertinent to a more modern audience, educating them on the social and moral perspectives held during the composer’s life. As well as that, the experiences of a composer allow the exploration of a topic and perspectives discussed within a text, dictating the way it is represented. Now, Shakespeare was a famous playwright of the time and it seemed logical for him to express his ideologies through his popular plays to comment on his society. Shakespeare was able to use scenes such as the Brutus vs. Antony orations to stress the conflicting ideals between truth and propaganda, as well as their effects on society. Shakespeare captures Brutus’s honesty when he states â€Å"I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him† through his use of prose within the speech. Prose reveals to the audience of plebeians Brutus’ rational and logical thinking behind assassinating Caesar, to which he emphasised â€Å"not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more.† The way in which Brutus excuses his actions appears to be beneficiary to the population instead for his selfish purposes, as well as depicting Caesar as  a negative influence to the Roman Empire. This is soon contradicted by Antony’s oration which was written in blank verse. The speech mocks as well as contrasts Brutus’ intentions implicitly though the repetition of â€Å"But Brutus is an honourable man† which follows conflicting contradictory statements. This depicts Antony’s oration skills as both more superior and authentic to Brutus’s speech as it exposes the contrast between higher and lower order rhetoric. Brutus’s and Antony’s orations, create a powerful scene which can be linked to the easily influenced society the modern audience lives in, highlighting the impacts of how the truth is presented and how it is perceived. These concepts revolving around the impact of the context of a composer on his creations is not just limited to literary texts, it is also applicable to visual texts, such as the political cartoons created by Latuff in response to the Gaza-Israel Conflict. Carlos Latuff began satirically cartooning this issue after his visit to the Gaza strip in the 1990’s. He is of Mexican descent; therefore his background doesn’t affect his views as much as if he was Israeli or Palestinian, though his perception of what is true and what is right drive his work. Through the picture â€Å"Israeli side vs. Palestinian Side† (2009) his focus on anti-capitalism, anti-globalisation and anti-US military intervention is highlighted. This representation is heavily critical on Israel, who is associated with all of that, as it depicts a â€Å"spot the difference† situation; by displaying two similar cartoons in essence, which then have been altered to depict Latuff’s perspective on the events. On the left side, the Israeli perspective on the war, according to the composer, is shown with a small bomb, appearing to be faulty, landing in the street, surrounded by a shocked crowd with no apparent visible damage. On the right side, labelled â€Å"Palestinian side† a distressing scene is depicted with crumbling buildings, fire, blood and death present within the visual. The way in which the cartoon is composed suggests to the audience an exaggeration of the situation, a common form within political cartoons. Having said that, it is evident that the Israeli’s are advantaged financially in this situation. By posting this on the internet Latuff has rendered this piece available to all audiences, impacting the viewer’s opinion on the conflict upon finding it, demanding action though the use of this distressing and contrasting image. So to sum this all up, the representation of a text is affected by the  composer’s context and the way in which they choose to portray a particular perspective. The society, values and personal beliefs as well as the experiences of a composer impact the representation of a text as seen in Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Julius Caesar† and Latuff’s â€Å"Israeli vs. Palestinian Side† cartoon. Not only are they relevant to the audience which the text was originally composed for, but the interpretation of the message allows it to remain pertinent to modern audiences due to the messages and insights into the composers conte xts found within. That wasn’t too hard was it? Now, remember to comment, like and subscribe below, and my email is in the description box if you require any further clarification. Oh, and good luck with your HSC!

Cyber Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cyber Crime - Research Paper Example Cyber crimes have brought massive loss of funds and relevant authorities should formulate measures in order to address the situation. Consumers and businessmen have continued to face the problem of cyber crime as the legitimate uses of the internet have become more sophisticated and diversified. The crime that started in the late 1990’s as a form of social engineering whereby criminals would steal passwords for consumers account with the intent of getting free connectivity has acquired significant growth and expansion into a profitable industry with the new forms of crime. These forms are monetary theft, identity theft, extortion, money laundering and industrial espionage among other crimes (Ionescu, Mirea and Blajan p.375). The criminals who undertake various forms of cyber crimes operate from almost anywhere whereby they target businesses and people in all countries. There are many challenges that are posed by the volume and the scale of cybercrimes. Moreover, the technical complexity in identification of the cyber criminals makes it hard for the criminals to be brought to justice. The increase in the number of internet users and the nature in which most businesses are conducted online has enabled cyber criminals to increase their opportunities. Furthermore, law agencies have not formulated comprehensive mechanisms of addressing the issue of cyber crimes and the traditional type of policing that exists in many countries is incapable of apprehending the cyber criminals (Ionescu, Mirea and Blajan p.375). There are major types of cyber crimes. Vandalism of services concerned with telecommunication is one of the many forms of cyber crimes. This form has become a major industry whereby criminals are able to access circuits, make their calls and sell airtime to third parties. Moreover, the criminals have been able to access the telecommunication systems through impersonation of the technicians. This is achieved using software

Good Manufacturing Practices Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Manufacturing Practices - Case Study Example I am working in a Japanese pharmaceutical company Takeda in Ireland. It is a research based largest pharmaceutical company in Japan and one of the global leaders of the industry. I consider it to be a privilage to be with such an esteemed organization. Basically, I am involved in dispensing raw materials and controlling coating process. The raw materials that are the basic ingredients of any medicine needs to be passed through GMP to be qualified, sourced properly, and tested before release into use. Though these regulations vary in different part of the world, they are responsible to creating business and compliance challenges. Poor quality medicines or those medicines that are not manufactured using GMP can damage health. For instance, a poor quality medicine may contain toxic substances that have been unintentionally added, causing damage to health or even death. The use of GMP is absolutely necessary in each and every steps starting from selecting the raw materials till the finish product is sealed and packed properly. If the coating of the drug is not good, it may loose most of its valuable ingredients by the time it reaches the consumer. It is a well known fact that a medicine that contains little or none of the claimed ingredient will not have the planned therapeutic effect. I believe that failure to comply with GMP regulations can result in very serious costs as well as product recall, seizure, termination of manufacture, fines, and even imprisonment. Every time we take a medicine we can have confidence that the medicine has been manufactured in accordance with GMP because it has today become a global standard. GMP along with expert assessment gives us a clear overview that every medicine is safe to use, will have the necessary efficiency and will be of the right quality (emeu.eu, N.D.). GMP or the recently updated cGMP, where the "c" corresponds to "current," remind manufacturers that they must utilize technologies and systems which are modern and abide by with the regulation. Under current GMP rules and regulations which is the latest version of GMP, it is the pharmaceutical manufacturer who is accountable for the entire operations (Saffron Media Pvt. Ltd., 2004). There are a variety of practices that ensure quality: some of them are as follows: "raw materials quality declaration; maintaining correct substances all the way through the manufacturing process; standards for hygiene and safety; in-house testing; production and process controls; and warehousing and distribution" (Dietary Supplement Quality Initiative, 1999). I am responsible for dispensing raw materials and controlling coating process. As a result of following GMP my working environment is much more safe and efficient. Additionally, these regulations require that manufacturers, processors, and packagers of drugs, to take positive steps to make sure that their products are secure, unadulterated, and effective. GMP regulations necessitate an extremely good manufacturing process, allow companies to reduce or even eliminate probable chances of contamination, mixups, and errors. Failure of companies to meet the terms with GMP can result in very serious costs. Studies have shown that GMPs offer quality assurances that off-the-shelf testing cannot. In fact,

High speed pursuits and the risks and liability officers take while in Research Paper

High speed pursuits and the risks and liability officers take while in pursuit - Research Paper Example Falling prey to this act are the innocent drivers and pedestrians who have nothing to do with the scene. Researches tell us that in USA about 350 people lose their lives every year as a result of police pursuits. According to other researches 2,500 get killed and 55,000 are injured per year. There has always been a serious debate on whether chasing should be done for every crime or just for the very serious ones. Because no matter how hard they try to drive safely, lives are taken. Several researches have been made to analyze how serious the result of pursuits is in light of the number of lives taken, and how often it occurs. According to a research conducted between 1994 and 2002, it has been found out that in these 8 years 2,654 deadly crashes had occurred involving 3,965 vehicles in which 3,146 people were critically injured. Out of these people 1,088 of them were not even in the vehicle, meaning they were innocent. So this research can be concluded by saying that the deaths by accident, over those 8 years were 1,088; an average of 121 people per year. This gets even more disturbing when the police are chasing for a person who hasn’t done anything violent and someone is killed because of it. Before this act police should realize if it is more important to chase after the guilty, or to save several souls. They should not forget that there are certain other ways to chase, one of which is by helicopters. Besides that, stop sticks are used by officers for this cause. This stripped diffuses a certain amount of air from the suspects tire. In this way, officers can wait for the suspect’s vehicle to slow down and then easily catch them. This method is used by a lot of agencies, like departments in Cincinnati, Ohio, Ohio State Highway Patrol, the Utah Highway Patrol, and the Pennsylvania State Police to increase effectiveness and reduce the risks of accidents. Despite all the risks and the rate of accidents,

Long-Term Isolation in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Long-Term Isolation in Prison - Essay Example In fact, because those who impose the torture, prison officials, correction officers, and the lawyers who defend them in court, do not discuss it in any meaningful way. They do not release statistics about how many prisoners are kept isolated from the rest of the prison population, and they appeal any verdicts that say that solitary confinement is cruel and unusual punishment. Yet, how something that can cause the same amount of physical damage as being hit in the head hard enough to change one’s brain function, like as little as two weeks of solitary confinement does, can be called anything but torture is beyond reason to most people. This widespread and uniquely cruel form of torture goes by several different names. Among them are solitary confinement, segregation or â€Å"SAMs† (i.e. Special Administrative Measures) established â€Å"in 1996 for gang leaders and other crime bosses with demonstrated reach in cases of ‘substantial risk that an inmate's communica tion or contacts with persons could result in death or serious bodily injury to persons’" (Theoharis). Perhaps no one speaks of solitary confinement in terms of inhumane torture because they believe it is used just for the worst of the worst, the gang leaders and crime bosses, and since September 11, 2001, terrorists. Cool Hand Luke was thrown in â€Å"the hole† for defying the prison camp’s rules, and most people’s concept of solitary confinement matches what was portrayed in that movie and others like it. Most people believe solitary confinement is a place for inmates who violate prison rules. And, to be fair, it is. There are not a lot of freedoms to restrict or privileges to take away from a prisoner who has already had most of his/her rights removed through incarceration. Maybe though it is just easier not to think of such things. After all, if one is not a criminal, one never has to worry about spending 23 hours a day in a cinder block cell with no television, radio, or newspapers. Not even a deck of playing cards are allowed. Books are and usually, inmates in solitary confinement can write letters to one family member once a week, although the rules on that vary. Some inmates in segregated units—another more sterile name for solitary confinement—can have visitors; some cannot. They can leave their cell for one hour a day to exercise or shower, and all that activity is watched by guards via monitoring devices. These are not conditions most people see as humane even for criminals convicted of heinous crimes, but what should be done with prisoners who cannot get along with other prisoners, who incite violence or are caught with contraband in their cells? Solitary confinement seems like the only alternative. That is why it is surprising to some to learn that many prisoners kept in segregation are not violent, have not broken any rules, and are not being punished per se. Miki Ann DiMarco, a transsexual female incarce rated before the transformational surgeries were completed spent fourteen months in protective segregation in Wyoming Women’s Center. Because DiMarco still had some male genitalia, prison officials thought it best to keep her out of the general prison population for fear that she would be harassed.

Employee Health and Wellness Programs (EHWP) Assignment

Employee Health and Wellness Programs (EHWP) - Assignment Example In addition, the data is continuous, thus keeping track of any changes in the employee population (Scientifically proven employee benefits, 2014). In case, an employee would need to quit smoking, this program would assist the employee go through the whole process. This program would involve other areas that surround the employee, especially his nutrition, social and physical needs. This program would include ensuring that the employee eats healthy and does enough exercises. The experts would give the employee a plan that would assist him avoid chances of getting illness such as diabetes and high cholesterol. This program would assist an individual in avoiding risks in life and improve his general health. It comes with a list of proper behavior change, nutrition and physical exercise advice. The expert would design each individual’s goals and ensure that the employee achieves the goals. It is a good stress reliever (Scientifically proven employee benefits, 2014). This program, offers challenges to employees, which would motivate them in their daily duties. The employees would choose a challenge from the available varieties. The challenges would vary according to the goals intended. Some of the common challenges available in this program would include walking, weight loss with several other outdoor exercises (Employee Health and Wellness Programs - Corporate Wellness, 2014). The above programs were helpful in dealing with the physical and emotional stress that surrounded employees. Most of the employees participated in physical exercises, which enabled them to boost their physical health. Employees became aware of the good eating habits that assisted them avoid infections that are caused by poor eating habits. In addition, many received advice on the specific food nutrients that they should avoid to live longer. Most of the employees noted that their lifestyle contributed greatly to their misfortunes in life. Increase in the savings

Separation of Powers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Separation of Powers - Essay Example As the report declares in the United States, the aspect of separation of powers is clearly stated in the US Constitution. The President, Congress and the Supreme Court are separate and distinct entities. The same is not the case in the United Kingdom, where the Prime Minister is also a Member of Parliament as are all other members of the Cabinet. Similarly, the Lord Chancellor and the Law Lords are members of the Executive and Legislature respectively, while also forming part of the Judiciary. This duality results in a situation where the Executive is in de-facto control of the Legislature, as also enjoying the sympathy of the Judiciary. This dicsussion explores that various Home Secretaries have taken judicial decisions from time to time on grounds of national security, whether during war time or in otherwise tenuous situations like the ongoing global war on terrorism. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 seeks to redress some of these grey areas though there are many who have, â€Å"defended the current system on the grounds that it discourage judges from making law by judicial rather than legislative means†. Inherent in this argument is the underlying fear that the Judiciary will not allow itself to be led by the nose by an Executive, trying to concentrate power in its hands. One of the concepts on the basis of which the principle of separation of powers functions is that of ‘deference’, which characterise the relationship of the Judiciary towards the Executive and Legislature.

To develop an understanding of what has happened in Brazil or Canada Assignment

To develop an understanding of what has happened in Brazil or Canada or China over the last two years - Assignment Example It is important to point out that Canada strategized on the way forward as far as the aforementioned achievements are concerned. In particular, Canada targeted economic transformation for better economic results, enhanced domestic and international partnerships, and effective resource management by the government through the central bank (Fitzpatrick, 2014). These strategies further sought the collaboration and involvement of the Canadian people as the sole beneficiaries of the government’s economic efforts. Successful running of the Canadian economy is evident through the effective and efficient balance between the outlined economic goals and strategies. With objectives and strategies at hand, the government moved to implement its operations in regards to enhancing Canada’s economic performance. The first move was directed towards government institutions that serve the Canadian society at different levels. In this move, the critical factor was Canada’s diverse society. The government mobilized resources through its agencies to reach out to the people and promote diversity, and inclusion. In essence, every member of the society was crucial in the recent Canadian economic transformation. Secondly, the government and all its agencies support the notion of cooperative relationships. Different players in the economy contribute to national economic progress, an aspect that led the government to reconsider its relationship with these parties. As a result, the government, through the central bank, set aside adequate resources that further develop a relationship of cooperation and collaboration. The outcome was more cohesive and consistent economic progress in many sectors of the Canadian economy. Most importantly, the last two years saw the Canadian government enhance its practice of treaty management for strong economic growth (OECD, 2014). In essence, treaty management encompasses agreements that are

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 1 Case Essay

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 1 Case - Essay Example Tsunamis are undersea-bed earthquakes that create a great effect on the water above the surface. However, in the case of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, there were no specific indications that something was already happening in the seabed. This is the reason why it was not that easy for the resort goers to immediately flee from the area towards a safer place. They were all caught in surprise when the water waves began splashing huge amounts of water to the sea shore killing hundreds of people who were just sitting and resting around the area. The waves were big and disastrous along with the mixed heavy winds that it comes along with. The complete disaster was even forcefully controlled by the unwillingness of some to flee away from their houses near the sea area believing that this was just a simple sea wave change. Little did these people know that this was a huge tragedy that waits to devastate their lives. Besides the natural reaction of the earth from heating up, the human works of denuding the forests made it harder for nature to control the situation itself. Apparently, the reduction of such trees limited the possibility and the capability of the warmed up earth to cool itself down. Besides this, the lack of signs from the actual behaviour of the sea from where the tsunamis are already happening below its sea bed made it hard for the people to tell that something wrong was going to happen. The bubbling or frothing of the sea at the top portion which is seen by the people has not happened and was not able to signal the people around. Basically, caused by the imbalance in nature, even this warning was not undergone properly by the process that was supposed to give a cue as to what was going to happen next. The incapability of the people to tell made the disaster even more tragic for the human population living within the areas affected. As seen from the television news, some of the tourists were even enjoying the cool breeze of the air when the waves suddenly turned gigantic eating them out from the seashore towards the sea's center turbulent area. Without the capability of the earth to support the need of limiting such disasters from happening, the earthquake lasted for at least several minutes that were enough to kill thousands within Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. This disaster reminds people at present that apparently, too much development may cause devastation on the capability of the earth to heal itself. No matter how prepared people could be, no matter how knowledgeable they may seem about the occurrence of such devastating events in the natural environment, it could not be denied that the imbalance of the earth's temperature and composition makes all these efforts of being prepared worthless. This is the reason why the Hokkaido incident was less damaging compared to the properties lost and the lives that were taken from that of the occurrence of the Indian Ocean earthquake of 2004. What mitigation and/or

Automobile - Fuels Essay Example for Free

Automobile Fuels Essay General Motors has been at the center of one of the nation’s largest controversies over clean emissions-cars. In 1996 the company introduced the EV-1 electric car in California and Arizona. Hundreds of the electric cars were soon on the road. Then they all disappeared. The mystery behind their disappearance is the subject of the documentary Who Killed the Electric Car? Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving, while electric vehicles did not require gear changes. Even though the cars seemed to be the next big thing, they ended up being not so successful. There have been many allegations to whom or what happen to kill the electric car. In 2000, tragedy struck as all EV-1’s were recalled. In 2003, California’s zero emissions vehicle mandate was killed and General Motors officially closed down the entire EV-1 project despite the long waiting lists and positive feedback from EV-1 drivers. This terrible crime did not go unnoticed by the public. Consumers were outraged by the recalling of EV-1’s. They wanted to know why someone would get rid of a car that would help out the environment and would make things better for the future. Someone is to blame for killing the electric car, but who? Was it the big oil companies and their fear of losing money? Could it be the battery technology in the EV-1’s that was faulty?

Media Coverage of US-Pakistan Relations | Literature Review

Media Coverage of US-Pakistan Relations | Literature Review CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: The literature review is the lift off for any research. A literature review can be called as a logical search and investigation of published data regarding some specific study area. It is prepared bestowing to the research objective, thesis, the issue and problems that a researcher wishes to deal with and try to resolve it. Literature review contributes the knowledge in the different area of concentration and diminishes the chances of the replication of ideas. Most importantly, it helps the direction of research scope to display to maximize the reward in research. Literature Review is a substantial step in any research procedure and has an extended list of benefits that often approved by the research scientists around the world. Wimmer and Dominick (1994) say â€Å"It’s not only allows to learn from (and eventually add to) previous research but also saves time, effort and money. (p.24) The US makes their policy according to their interest and close relation with the countries. US Inclusion always depends on the Feelings of the US. The favor and disfavor depends on the US Interest. According to the research and study on the policies of US the conclusion Dr. Syed Abdul Syed Abdul got US media news framing of other country‘s image depends upon the degree of US interest in that country as well as the US foreign policy. Media representation of the host country is usually the dominant ideology of foreign countries, Yu and Riffe (1988) reflects that Reporting was often motivated by ideology than newsworthy. The ideology of a society, Shoemaker and Reese (1991 p.186) serves as the binding force of a tool. News is basically built for people in a given society. The world of reality is different from the media, then social reality. Shoemaker and Reese (1991), the news created a social product but a reflection of an objective reality, (p.186), respectively. Ramaprasad and Majid (1995) as the product of socially constructed, news is affected by a number of factors that claim, that is, these factors are a particular society. Several studies have been conducted by a number of researchers and scholars on the Pak-India relations. Hull (1989) advocates the ideology of media influences, political, economic, and ideological and cognitive simplification is a fascinating process (p.1) describes the state they are open the symbolic impact of ideology, the media audience, the media, our definition focuses attention on the judges and the symbolic power legitimation and exercise (p. 309) According to the research of critical analysis, international news, the U.S. media, largely based on foreign policy. (Merrill 1995 Lent, 1977), and a large media business and international relations of the government, is supposed to be a tool to support the national point of view. Chang, 1988, 1989; Dorogi, 2001, Yu and Riffe, 1988 by all U.S. mainstream media coverage of international news confirm that the U.S. governments foreign policy has been unfailing. Likewise, the news gathering resources is often international reporting restrictions, Z. Peng (2004) rely on government sources for the media drive. Americans view of the outside world is often based on the mainstream media Similar Chang (1988) claim. In this regard, Merrill, (1995), the positive and negative images in the media world, inspiring the minds of people arguing. Similarly, Perlmutter (1998). The perception of the American people scattered in other parts of the world can be easily established by the American news media . Makreeta lahtithe (2002) conducted a research on â€Å"Policies of the United States towards the Indian and the Pakistani Nuclear Weapons Programs†. The aim of this study was to explore the policies of the US towards the nuclear weapons programs of Pakistan and India. Researcher consider the nuclear programs of both India and Pakistan as well as US policies towards both of them because the two nuclear programs have been dependent on each other and can best be understood in connection to each other. Researcher employed the content analysis as he used books, articles, and statements about geopolitical and Realist theories, US non-proliferation policies, and the South Asian nuclear weapons programs. The researcher found that the US policies could only have been successful had they addressed the reasons behind the Indian and the Pakistan nuclear weapons. The US view on the reasons for Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons has also framed the US attitudes and policy choices in that that certain reasons to acquire nuclear weapons can seem to the US more justified than others. The acquisition of nuclear weapons as an attempt to improve the otherwise unsatisfactory national security can seem to be a more acceptable reason than for example the hope to become a great power. Zahid Yousaf (2013) conducted a research on the â€Å"coverage of the Pak-India relations in the national press of Pakistan† the main objective of this study was to investigate the coverage of the relations between Pakistan and India in the national press of Pakistan for this study four newspapers two English (Daily Times and The Nation) and two Urdu (Daily Jang and Nawa i Waqt) are selected to analyze the relations between the two countries. Researcher used the agenda setting theory in this study and the media agenda is tried to conclude. The content method is used to study the contents of the editorials of the selected newspapers from June 2013 to August 2013. The study demonstrate that Pakistani media has covered all the issues keeping the Indian response in front regarding the selected issues. On the basis of the findings of the study we can analyze that Pakistani media has shown maturity while addressing the issues and also showed patriotism while covering the Pak-India r elations. The study was a summing up of the role of the newspapers regarding Pak-India relations. Newspapers do not seem to have performed their expected role in reflecting the two countries, strategies and operations. The English newspapers have been blamed for giving less than the Urdu newspapers coverage to the main issues between the two countries. According to the newspapers the major reason behind the tense relations between Pakistan and India is the Kashmir dispute, the Kashmir issue has given birth to many other issues like water, cross-border insurgency and the incidents of terrorism. The newspapers have also failed to give the negative coverage the trade, sports, and showbiz. It seems to strange that on the one side Indian forces are massacring or better to say committing genocide in Kashmir and Indian secret agencies are always busy for working out bomb blasts in Pakistan and on the other side Pakistan is strengthening its relations with India regarding Showbiz, trade and sports: the press should also give a considerable coverage to the maltreatment of the Indian Muslim by the Indian Government. The press can play a vital role to inspire the spirit of â€Å"Jahad† among the Pakistanis as there is no other way to get Kashmir independence. Umbreen Javaid Qamar Fatima conducted a research on the â€Å"US Foreign Policy Parameters towards Pakistan and India (2001-2008)†.The objective of this study was to illustrate the parameters of us policy towards Pakistan and India .The US foreign policy has passed through many phases, as such from one of complete requisitioning to that of active involvement in world affairs both militarily and non-militarily. The two key South Asian States i.e. Pakistan and India despite being situated halfway across the sphere from America have had the crucial consequences of these changes. During the Cold War, US in acquirement of its containment policy of Soviet Union supported Pakistan to fight communism and it required close collaboration with India to gain access to its large market for American goods and investment potential. But the impressive changes came in the get up of momentous events of September 11, 2001 which brought both the countries on the top of American foreign policy ag enda. According to the researcher’s view point both India and Pakistan equally attracted attention, because the both important South Asian states promised to help America in the Global War on Terrorism. The Bush team’s policies towards Pakistan were shaped by the need to fighting terrorism through whatever means necessary while the policies towards India continued on the basis to shape an anticipated natural alliance between world’s two largest democracies. Researcher describe that the US identified a new global enemy, terrorists and their networks, and pitched a War against all those that intimidate world peace. Bush Jr sustained the same policy parameters with minor changes during both the term of office. Manzoor, U. (2002). Was conducted a research on the â€Å"Editorial Coverage of Pakistan stand during Pak-India war tension (2001-2002) in Dawn and Nawa i Waqt† .The chiefly aim of the study was to investigate the Pakistan’s stand against India in the crucial war situations are in favor or not. Researcher used the content analysis the qualitative and quantitative method to explore the conflict between both countries. According to the researcher press of Pakistan is too much concerned with the global issues mainly Urdu press that is more concerned than the English press. He added contends that Pakistani press is fully free even to criticize the government but patriotism is also there in the Pakistani press. In the study it was resolute to find out the attitude of the Pakistani press towards the government’s stance that whether it has favored the government in conflict situation with India or not favored. And also the trade relation between both the countries is also concerned. Murad Ali (2009) conducted a study on â€Å"US Foreign Aid to Pakistan and Democracy†. This study examined the United States (US) bilateral aid flows to Pakistan from 1947 to 2006 to determine the extent to which the assistance has been linked with the strengthening of democracy in Pakistan vis-à  -vis US perceived geo-strategic and security interests. Comparing the allocation of US economic and military aid to democratic and dictatorial regimes in Pakistan (in terms of total, average annual, and per capita per year), the researcher found that US aid shows a consistent pattern of high flows for military dictatorships and low or negligible flows for democratic governments, indicating that US aid has not been used to promote democracy in Pakistan; in fact, it has undermined it. The research explored that the US has maintained warm cooperative relationships with military dictators to use Pakistan to pursue its own political, security and geo-strategic goals. Researcher concluded that the US has hardly shown any concern for democracy in Pakistan where its own geo-strategic goals have been at stake. This analysis reinforces the view that every time the US has required Pakistan’s support to achieve its own geo-political goals, it has shown no hesitation in embracing military dictators. Shabir G, Hussain T, Iqbal YW (2014) conducted a research on the â€Å"Portrayal of Pakistan in the New York Times and the Washington Post: A Study of Editorials during 2008 to 2010.† the main objective of the study to investigate the slant of coverage about Pakistan. Gathered data shows that the portrayal of Pakistan during Feb 2008 to Jan 2010 in The New York Times and The Washington Post remained positive which proved that the American media support the American government foreign policies. Researcher uses the quantitative and qualitative method to dig out the results. The Findings of the research shows that the New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers published 89 editorials comprised on 767 paragraphs about Pakistan in planned era of research. The Washington Post published 54 (60.67%) editorials; comprised on 449 paragraphs while The New York Times published 35 (39.33%) editorials; comprised on 318 paragraphs which shows that The Washington post give more editori al coverage to Pakistan than The New York Times. The data shows that The Washington post published 25 (28.08%) favorable editorials; comprised on 174 paragraphs, 22 (24.27%) unfavorable editorials; comprised on 157 paragraphs and 7 (7.87%) neutral editorials; comprised on 118 paragraphs while The New York Times published 12 (13.49%) favorable editorials; comprised on 98 paragraphs, 10 (11.24%) unfavorable editorials; comprised on 93 paragraphs and 13 (14.60%) neutral editorials; comprised on 127 paragraphs. The overall editorial coverage of The Washington post about Pakistan during planned period of research remained positive while in New York Times it remained neutral. Both newspapers published 41.57% positive, 35.91% negative and 22.47% neutral editorials. So these results shows that the overall ratio of coverage about Pakistan remained positive and it disproved the hypothesis. â€Å"The overall ratio of unfavorable coverage about Pakistan would be greater than the favorable cove rage in The New York Times and The Washington Post†. The findings of the research support media conformity theory as; American media follows the American government foreign policies and portrayed positive frame of Pakistan. Muhammad Sikandar Sultan(2013) Conducted a study on the â€Å" Portrayal of Pak-US Relations in elite press of Pakistan and United States during Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Regime (June 2012-December 2012)†the main focus of the study was relations between Pakistan and United States of America in the government of Pakistan’s Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf who took charge as Prime Minister in June 2012. In this study the content analysis of the two newspapers is made where the editorials of elite press i.e. Daily Dawn from Pakistan and Washington Post from United States was analyzed by the researcher. In this study researcher used the framing theory in the theoretical framework. There are total 82 editorials regarding Pak-US relations that were analyzed, 29 editorials of Washington Post whereas 53 editorials of Daily Dawn. The study explore that the newspapers of both the countries has mostly highlighted the ungratified behavior towards the issues and criticized the foreign p olicy of their particular countries. Zahid Yousaf, Ehtisham Ali (2012) â€Å"Coverage of Pak-Us Relations in Elite Press of Pakistan and Us during the Democratic Government of Pakistan People’s Party; March 2008 To February 2012 (Media Foreign Policy Perspective).† The main objective of the Study to investigate the foreign policies of Pakistan and the United States of America in the editorials of American press during the people’s party’s government came into the power after the 2008’s general elections. In this purpose researcher select mainly two English newspapers, one elite newspaper from United States and one from Pakistan, â€Å"New York Times† from US and â€Å"The Daily Dawn† from Pakistan from March 2008 to February 2012.The main focus of the study to find out the relationship between Pakistan and US during the democratic government in Pakistan. The main perseverance behind this study is to reveal the involvement of the foreign policy creating by the governments of the states under study and the role played by the mass media at present.Researcher construct theoretical framework for the study in hand discusses to the Agenda Setting Theory as the study is focused to determine the „Media Agendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ of the press of selected countries and to regulate the different incidents relating to the present study. In this study researcher considered the contents of the editorials of the selected newspapers related to Pak-US relations. The findings of this stu dy accomplish that the Pakistani media in general and the US media in specific have not followed the view points of the particular governments regarding the foreign policy of the particular countries.

Looking At Elderly Abuse In Developed Countries Social Work Essay

Looking At Elderly Abuse In Developed Countries Social Work Essay As the population continues to age, it is becoming increasingly important to focus on policies and practices that support and enhance the wellbeing of the older population in later life. One sad reality for many seniors in later life and an increasing cause for concern is elder abuse. Elder abuse is one of the most disturbing and rapidly growing areas of crime throughout the global. It is extremely difficult to exactly quantify the extent of elder abuse because many such cases go undetected and under-reported. The World Health Organization reported that it is generally agreed that abuse of older people is either an act of commission or of omission or neglect, and it may either be intentional or unintentional (Krug et al., 2002). It results in unnecessary suffering, injury, the loss of violation of human rights, and a decreased quality of life for the older person. Like any other form of domestic violence, abuse of the elderly initially remained as a private matter hidden from public view. It was initially seen as a social welfare issue and latter on a problem of ageing, but now has developed into a significant public health and criminal justice concern. The value of loving family institution has been tarnished by greed, position-struggle and impatience. Despite elder abuse is not entirely a new issue; it is time to find out the prevention ways to be implemented and effective interventions to emerge. There are a few welfare needs that will be highlighted after so that the young generation have a strong sense of love and care towards the senior citizen. Elderly Nowadays, Malaysians are living longer; they are on an average of 74 years for men and 78 years for women. In others words, their life expectancy has increase. With the advances in medical care and better nutrition, older people are living longer, they are more visible, more active and more independent than ever before and they are in better health. Therefore there is a growing concern regarding the global phenomenon of aging. A decline in the birth as well as death rates has resulted in an increase in the elderly population. Given that the elderly population is on the rise, it is of paramount importance to examine the care of the older persons. 2005 (%) 2010 (%) Total Population 26.75 m 28.96 m 65 and above 1.15 m 4.3% 1.36 m 4.7 % This table shows that the total population and the aged of 65 years or above in Malaysia between the year of 2005 and 2010. In 2005, the total population of Malaysia was 26.75 million, and which 1.15 million or 4.3% was aged 65 years and above. Moreover, in 2010, Malaysia currently has a population of approximately 29 million, and aged 65 years and above has increased to 1.36 million or 4.7%. With the projected population growth of 2% annually, it expected that the total population in 2020 will rise to 34 million, of which 3.2 million or 9.5% will be the age of 65 years and above. In the year 2035, the country is expected to have a total population of about 46 million of which 6.9 million or 15% will be the aged 65 years and above. This is evident that Malaysias demographic ageing pattern is emerging. Based on the figure showed in this table, the real numbers of older person have increased lately, which also means that the number of elderly will continue to grow over the coming year. As the populations of older Malaysian grows, so there has a hidden problem of elder abuse. Further, the number of elderly with chronic illness is likely to increase. This can pose an increased burden on their caregivers such as family members, and it could lead to a higher risk of elderly abuse. Elder abuse Elder abuse is a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person (Action on Elder Abuse 1995). The wilful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment with resulting physical harm or pain or mental anguish, or the wilful deprivation by a caretaker of goods or services which are necessary to avoid physical harm, mental anguish or mental illness (1985 Elder Abuse Prevention, Identification Treatment Act). According to the Swanson (1999), elder abuse refers to the mistreatment of older people by those in a position of trust, power or responsibility for their care. This is a global problem that is likely to intensify in view of the increasing number of older people and the changing socio-economic and environmental conditions worldwide (Randel et al. 1999). Further, Hazzard (1995) described elder abuse as cruel and inhumane tre atment of the elderly. Kapur (1997) defines it as a kind of harassment or an injustice done to the elderly by the family members themselves. In fact, there is too many definition of elder abuse but despite this, most would agree with this definition an action or inaction by someone in a position of trust; often a family member or unrelated caregiver. Normally, more than two-thirds of the abusers are their family members and are typically giving their basic needs or care support such as food, shelter, personal care or transportation. In others word, someone who commits elder abuse usually has control or influence over the older person. The older persons often know and trust the abusers. Some victims of elder abuse depend on the people who hurt them, sometimes for food, shelter, personal care, or transportation. Therefore, the abusers could be their family members, friend; someone the older people relies on for basic needs or staff in group residential settings such as care homes or i n long term health care facilities. The Prevalence of Elderly Abuse in Five Developed Countries Country Prevalence (%) USA 3.2 Canada 4.0 Finland 5.4 Netherlands 5.6 United Kingdom 5.0 The accepted prevalence rates of abuse of older people are drawn from five community surveys carried out in developed countries, which are USA, Canada, Finland, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The prevalence of the elderly abuse in USA with percentage is 3.2%, in Canada is 4.0%, in Finland is 5.4%, in Netherlands is 5.6% and United Kingdom is 5.0%. But in Malaysia, the information and data of elderly abuse is scarce. There are no reported cases of elder abuse to the Department of Social Welfare as well as no agency keeps proper records of the incidence of elder abuse in this country. Although this epidemic is virtually unheard of in Malaysia, we are challenged to be aware of the many faces of elder abuse in our own society and this issue is much more common than societies admit. Types of elder abuse Elder abuse referred to an inappropriate action that causes harms or distress to an elderly which the older person has expectation trust onto the person. Elder abuse can take in several forms. Elder abuse may take form in physical, psychological, financial, sexual abuse, neglect and abandonment that cause distress to a person who is past retirement age. Physical Abuse Physical elder abuse is non-accidental use of force against an elderly person that results in physical pain, injuries, or impairment (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). This abuse includes not only physical assaults such as hitting or shoving but the inappropriate use of drugs, restraints, or confinement. The physical acts of violence commonly include slapping, hitting, and striking with objects. Indicators of potential physical abuse are broken bones, sprains, or dislocations, unexplained signs of injury such as bruises, welts, or scars, especially if they appear symmetrically on two side of the body, signs of being restrained, such as rope marks on wrists (Elder Abuse.com, 2009). Diagnosis may be difficult even at autopsy as findings may be subtle and invariably some chronic or debilitating disease would be present. The case of an elderly lady from a nursing home referred to the police for suspected physical abuse. Investigations showed that osteomalacia and spontaneous fractures could ha ve accounted for her injuries. However, recognition of physical abuse may not be straightforward, as injuries may be secondary to falls to which the frail elderly are more prone. Emotional abuse Emotional abuse is defined as the infliction of anguish, pain, or distress of elderly. Emotional abuse also referred as an act with the intention that causing emotional pain or injury which often accompanies physical abuse. This abuse may be happens in verbal or nonverbal acts. Verbal forms are included humiliation and ridicule, intimidation through yelling or threats and habitual blaming or scapegoating. Nonverbal emotional elder abuse can take the form of ignoring the elderly person, isolating an elder from friends or activities and terrorizing or menacing the elderly person (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Therefore, an elderly person who shows fear, passive, withdrawn, low self esteem, reluctance to talk openly, insomnia, fatigue and listlessness or behave mimics dementia, such as rocking, sucking, or mumbling to oneself may be abused in the form of emotional abuse. Financial Abuse Exploitation of the elderly is also considered as an abuse which includes acts of material or financial exploitation. Financial or material exploitation is defined as the illegal or improper use of an elders funds, property, or assets (Elder Abuse.com, 2009). Elder financial abuse is one of the most difficult types of elder abuse to recognize due to its lack of obvious symptoms. Some of these include misuse an elders personal checks, credit cards, or accounts, steal elders cash, income checks, or household goods. Most common example case is the announcements of a prize that the elderly person has won but they need to pay money to claim (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Besides that, theft of pension checks, threats to enforce the signing or changing of wills or other legal documents, and coercion involving any financial matters also consider as the example of the financial abuse. Indicators of potential financial abuse may include unusual bank account activity, sudden changes in the elder s financial condition, or worsening medical conditions due to lack of follow up or unfilled drug prescriptions. Exploitation may also occur in the form of fraud schemes; someone may persuade the elderly person to withdraw their life savings in a get rich quick scheme, or contractors convincing the elderly that the house needs repairs which in reality might be unnecessary. Financial abuse is one of the most difficult types of elder abuse to diagnose as the victim may not be aware of its occurrence or may not know how to seek help. Abandonment and Neglect Abandonment is defined as the desertion of an elderly person by an individual who had physical custody or otherwise had assumed responsibility for providing care for an elder. It also referred to the action of withdrawing a person or a thing entirely; putting aside all care for him or it. Neglect of the elderly is also a form of abuse and is often referred to the refusal or failure to fulfil any part of a persons obligations or duties to an elder. This may be intentional or unintentional neglect. Active neglect is the intentional withholding of basic necessities or care, while passive neglect is not providing basic necessities and care because of a lack of experience, information or ability. Another area to consider is self-neglect where older adults, by choice or ignorance, live in ways that disregard health or safety needs, sometimes to the extent that the disregard also poses a hazard to others. For example, the caregiver may be unable to perform care giving duties such as bathing or changing an incontinent elderly person. Therefore, an elderly person with unusual poor hygiene, loss in weight, poor nutrition, skin breakdown, unsuitable clothing, unsafe and unclean living conditions such as no heat or running water, faulty electrical wiring, other fire hazards and smelling of urine may be neglected either intentionally or unintentionally. Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse is defined as non-consensual and unwilling sexual contact of any kind. This includes all unwanted sexual activity, such as verbal or suggestive behaviour, fondling, sexual intercourse or a lack of personal privacy. Besides that, activities such as showing an elderly person pornographic material, forcing the person to watch sex acts, or forcing the elder to undress are also considered sexual elder abuse. Indicators of potential physical abuse are unexplained venereal disease or genital infections, bruises around breasts or genitals, unexplained vaginal or anal bleeding and torn, stained, or bloody underclothing (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Sexual abuse usually implies a physical sexual relationship with an elderly person without that persons informed consent, though this is not restricted to sexual intercourse but includes other forms of intimate sexual contact. It is often difficult to establish whether sexual abuse has occurred, unless the individual has cognitive impai rment. Signs and symptoms of elder abuse Signs and symptoms of elder abuse should be taken seriously. It is vital that we are alert to the possible indicators of abuse. In assessing any situation, it is important to realize that an indicator may be present for reasons other than abuse or neglect. However, if a combination of the following indicators is present there is a need to further explore why those indicators are present. Increase awareness of abuse signs and symptoms as well as monitor the progress in suspected cases of abuse. Home care community nurses can play a critical role in detecting suspected cases of elder abuse. However, in Malaysia, we do not as yet have a health care system in place for such purposes, although these types of services are only now slowly emerging. Hence the only opportunity for detecting abuse is when the older adult visits a primary care setting or an emergency department. Characteristics of the Abused Elder Most victims of elder abuse are mentally competent and able to make decisions for them. Most of them able to taking care of their own health needs and do not need constant care. Although some victims of elder abuse are generally dependent on their abuser in some way, their dependency is not necessarily because they are mentally incapable or physically frail (Al Loney, 2006). However, if the older people who having mental or physical disability, they may be more vulnerable to be abused. Those at risk are most likely to be female, widowed, frail, cognitively impaired, and chronically ill. The older adults who poor in physical health, highly dependence on the abuser, functional or cognitive impairment and a living arrangement shared with the abuser are consider as risk factors for elder abuse. Normally, older women are more vulnerable to abuse than older men and are burdened with a lifetime of experiences and beliefs that may increase their susceptibility. In most instances, violence an d abuse against older women can be sexual, physical or psychological and also can include material or financial abuse and neglect. It can occur in the home, in institutions or as a result of harmful cultural practices that specifically target older women (Breatheinspirit, 2006). There are various studies have looked at factors associated with elder abuse. In the NEAIS report, females and those aged 80 and above were more likely to suffer abuse, family members were the most likely perpetrators and victims of self-neglect were usually depressed, confused or extremely frail. Other studies have similarly reported vulnerable elderly as those with physical and mental weaknesses, advanced age, women, those with previous abusive relationships in the family, financial strain and caregiver stress and burnt out. Characteristics of the Abuser The abuser is most likely the person with whom the elderly person stays with. More often, the abuser is a close relative; 80% being spouses and children of the victims, or a close relative. In some cases, elder abuse may be caused to abusers over use of drug or alcohol, history of anti-social behaviour, or mental illness problems. Abuse is more likely to happen when the abuser is going through a period of high stress. It may be the stress of looking after the older person due to old age is a time of weak health, low income, meaningless role, or the death of loved ones (Al Loney, 2006). These problems may be creating great unhappiness for older people and then damage the relationships with their family. In extreme cases, this may lead to abuse. Elder abuse often happens because of the abusers power and fully control over an older person. Family members who depend on the elder for financial, housing, or other necessities have a higher risk of become an abuser. A caregivers inexperience, a history of family violence, economic dependence on the elder or a blaming personality and unrealistic expectations often contribute to elderly abuse. The abuser may be lack involved in community activities, social services, and even contact with other family members. Besides that, they may lack of family support, facing marital conflict, overcrowding and the high burden of care placed on the caregiver. In most of elder abuse cases, the abuser may not allow people to visit or talk to the older person alone. On the other hands, staff in long-term care homes, such as homes for the aged and charitable institutions, might involved in abuse the older people in physically or mentally. Abusers are more likely to be staff members who are not able to do their jobs properly (Al Loney, 2006). This may due to poor of training, low salary, over-work without pay, or under-staffing. Besides that, it also could be the staffs have personal problems that influence their services to older people which under their care. But, there is no excuse for abuse. The personal circumstances or problems of the caregiver cant be an excuse of elder abuse. These problems may be factors in the abuse, but they do not try to recognize it. It is unmoral because the older people are fully trusted and relies on the caregiver, but the caregiver misuse the trust of the older people to do something that threaten to the older people. Common Reasons Elder Abuse Is Not Reported The actual and prevalence of elder abuse is unknown and difficult to measure. Elderly abuse exists in our society but it is seldom reported, and perhaps even less so in an Asian society where filial piety and respect for the elderly is traditionally highly regarded. This problem often remains undetected because of poor public awareness and lack of knowledge among health care personnel. This is because it can cause some adverse effects on the health and quality of life of the elderly. Due to their mental capacity, they are unaware of the help available to them. Therefore, elder abuse is seldom reported. In most situations, elderly are unlikely to report that they are abused as they are fear of embarrassment and fear of losing care support. They are mostly completely under the control of the abuser and depend on the abusers for food, shelter, clothing and health care. Furthermore, they also fear of harm by the abuser. Some of them are lack of awareness; they are only suspect but uncert ain that is abuse, therefore, the cases of elder abuse is hardly to report and also seldom reported. Risk Factors for elder abuse Abuse of older adults is such a complex issue with no single explanation. However, there are many factors seem to contribute to these critical issues and each case has its own unique mix of factors. One of the most obvious factors is the family dynamics. The habits, values, emotional and coping skills are learned early in life and largely through family interaction. In other words, if unhealthy or violent behaviours go unchecked, abuse may continue when roles are reversed.   Therefore, if a child who was previously abused becomes a primary caregiver, there is a probability that the cycle of abuse will continue and be inflicted on a dependent parent. Besides that, inability to cope with stress especially for those non professional caregiver such as spouses, adult children, other relatives and friends find taking care of an elder would caused many responsibilities. This may be extremely stressful to cope with the demands of elder care giving. As a result, the stress of elder care can lead to mental and physical heaths problems that caused caregivers impatient, burned out, and sometimes are unable to keep from lashing out against elders in their care. Next, problem of elderly abuse may also happen in the nursing home when the staffs who worked are those lacks of experience and training. This is because even caregivers in institutional settings can experience stress at levels that can lead to elder abuse. The nursing home staff may be prone to elder abuse if they lack training, have too many responsibilities and are unsuited to care giving, or they are work under poor conditions. Social isolation can also conceal and perpetuate abuse or neglect. An older person may become isolated due to physical or mental illness, or through the loss of friends and family members. Therefore, isolation does not just conceal abuse and neglect; it perpetuates the problem.   The result of this isolation can make it easier for an abuser to exploit, neglect or abuse an older person.  There is a significantly higher risk for elder abuse if without a caring support network.   In addition, if a caregiver imposes isolation to avoid uncovering the abuse, this is also a form of abuse. In addition, sometimes caregivers who are unable to cope with the long term care giving may react to the stress of too many responsibilities in appropriate ways. These unusual releases way are such as abusing, neglecting the older adults in their care. Also, most of the caregivers perception is that taking care of the elder is burdensome and without psychological reward. Thus, many of them choose to neglect the older adults. The societys acceptance towards violence can also be a form of factors in contributing the elderly abuse. For example the Canadians see violence in the news, movie and television shows. This wide exposure often leads to a general acceptance or tolerance of violence as an acceptable way of venting frustration or anger. Thus, this tolerance creates an environment which can contribute to abuse and neglect of older adults. The welfare needs of elderly Welfare needs are necessary for elderly in order to stop the growing elder abuse issue. The government, law and legislation, mass media, school education, health care providers, family and also elderly have the responsibility to give support the rights of old persons. The government The National Service Program or Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) was established since started in 2004 as a response to the Malaysian Governments desire to inculcate the spirit of patriotism in the hearts and minds of Malaysian youths. Besides to develop the spirit of patriotism, it instils a spirit of caring and volunteerism among members of society as well as to develop positive characteristics among younger generation through good values. The three-month program is aimed at shaping young people into disciplined, independent and resilient citizens capable of advancing the nation. From this programme, the young generations could learn how to respect the elderly. Welfare pension should be introduced in Malaysia. If elderly do not have the ability to claim maintenance from their financially-able children, they have the pension as a security. It is seen as a way to eradicate poverty. The senior citizens are still able to take care of themselves in spite of they are abandoned by their merciless children. Abuse prevention programme could be introduced by Malaysian government as well. Its purpose is to provide and arrange for services to protect adults who are unable to protect themselves from abuse and provide older adults with information about their rights. For example, Abuse Prevention Programme (APP) in Australia which supports older adults who are being abused, or who are at risk of being abused, by someone with whom they are in a relationship of trust, such as family and friends. APP advocates work in consultation with the older adult, either directly, or with someone else the older person has chosen (their representative). APP can assist them to identify and understand the issues related to abuse of their rights as well as discuss information about options which they can implement to assert their rights. Besides, it suggests action they can take to stop abuse of their rights and give them with appropriate advocacy support that enables them to have their rights met. In addition, the government can launch adult day care programme, which it enables the caregivers to get time off during the day. Adult day care is a planned program of activities designed to promote well-being though social and health related services. Adult day care centres operate during daytime hours, Monday through Friday, in a safe, supportive, cheerful environment. It not just provides older persons an opportunity to get out of the house and receive both mental and social stimulation but also gives caregivers a much-needed break in which to attend to personal needs, or simply rest and relax. Law and legislation Malaysia law and legislation also play a vital role in overcoming the elderly abuse problem. Malaysia law can establish a legislative Elder Protective Act which is warranted to protect our vulnerable elderly from untold suffering. They have the right to live with dignity and security. For example in all 50 US states have specific adult protection legislation within which issues related to elder abuse and/or neglect are addressed. This legislation is influenced by child welfare models, and is characterised by legal powers of investigation, intervention and mandatory reporting. In the absence of federal mandates, states have been developing their own responses to adult abuse, neglect and exploitation. Legislative Elder Protective Act should be implemented by the government to safeguard the rights of our vulnerable elderly. Suggestion has been made for the government of Malaysia to adopt a law which allowing the elderly parents to claim maintenance from their financially-able children. This can be learned from the country of Singapore where the Maintenance of Parents Act enables parents above 60 years old who cannot support themselves to seek legal action forcing their children to provide maintenance for them. The government of Malaysia should also tighten the law and can used country of India as an example. In India, children could be imprisoned or fined or be subjected to both if they abandon their elderly parents. The Tamil Nadu government is set to notify rules for the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, to help tribunals in each district decide on the order of maintenance for elderly citizens, who complain about being neglected by their children. Therefore, the government is committed to develop such services and formulate policies against elder abuse in Malaysia. Malaysia, being one of a few countries that uphold Syariah Law has Islamic Law that governs the welfare of family matters including the ageing parents, following the case in which a couple sued their daughter for not providing sufficient maintenance as what they have agreed. Elder abuse is a national problem with far reaching consequences for individuals, families, communities, and institutions. The state courts must play a critical role in addressing the needs of victims of elder abuse. The courts ability to assist older persons essentially determines whether individuals live their remaining years with respect and dignity, or are further alienated from the justice system with personal safety. Mass Media Mass media also plays a quite significant role in minimizing the problem of elderly abuse in Malaysia. The media was often blamed as one of the sources of the negative images of older adults in society. It was seen as important to work with the media to change these negative images, to raise awareness and to educate the population about elder abuse. They are able to inspire the public to be aware of this social issue by utilizing mass media such as televisions, radio networks, internet, newspaper, magazines, etc. Nevertheless the problem often remains undetected because of poor public awareness and lack of knowledge among healthcare personnel. Therefore, the print as well as electronic media are to play active roles to increase the societys awareness of the elderly. Media coverage of elder abuse cases can make the public knowledgeable about-and outraged against-abusive treatment in those settings. Due to most abuse occurs in the home by family members or caregivers, there needs to be a concerted effort to educate the public about the special needs and problems of the elderly and about the risk factors for abuse. Within mass media cultures, social issues such as elder abuse, have key reference points which can attract concentrated coverage of the topic and carry influential associations in public perceptions. For example, in USA, the Indochina Sino-American Community Centre  formed a coalition called Chinese Americans Restoring Elders, they used mass media to encourage the public to contact the Community Centre for matters related to elder abuse; provided some individual counselling sessions; and conducted a press conference and distributed brochures and flyers in Chinatown to commemorate World Elder Abuse Awareness Day. The television networks always played the advertisements that have the influence on the public over the caring of the elderly. Like the PESTRONAS during religious or cultural holidays (namely Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali) are often accompanied by touching advertisement that convey the message to show love and care to our parents. School Education Education is the cornerstone of preventing elder abuse. This education needs to start very early, in primary school. The students need to be educated to perceive to older adults more favourably as positive contributors to society. The elderly do not necessary mean burden to the family or society. With their wealth of knowledge and experience, they can still contribute to economic development and wealth creation. They have contributed to the development of the nation in their earlier years and they can still continue to be productive in their golden years. The students should consider senior citizens are an important and integral part of our society. Students need to understand the interpersonal dynamic of care-giving. For example, they need to be award of the value placed on the dependency and inter-dependency in care-giving; role reversals in care-giving; and how unresolved emotions between the elderly and the care-giver influence the care-giving process. The school curriculum is to include education on the family to enable the younger generation to understand and appreciate the elderly. They need to be encouraged to form closer relationships with older adults. The general population also needs to be aware that elder abuse happens and is a problem. Students need to understand the subtle difference between abuse, neglect and abandonment theoretically as well as operationally. The moral education teachers not just teach theoretically but also operationally. What is more, the schools should organise a numbers of the activities like visiting old folks hou

An Analysis of Annabel Lee :: Annabel Lee Essays

An Analysis of "Annabel Lee" Most people agree that Edgar Allan Poe wrote "Annabel Lee" about his departed wife, Virginia Clemm, who died of tuberculosis two years earlier. Some critics, however, contend that in the seventh line of the poem he states, "I was a child and she was a child," and he certainly was no child in 1836 at twenty-seven when he married his thirteen-year-old bride. Maybe the poem is about an earlier love, or perhaps it is purely fictional, but addressing Annabel Lee as his "life and [his] bride" in line thirty-eight and writing it two years after his beloved young wife's death, it is seems logical that it is indeed written about her and is simply embellished with a bit of poetic license. In this poem, Poe writes primarily with a combination of iambic and anapestic feet, alternating between tetrameter and trimeter. The word "chilling," however, is permitted in both places it is used, lines fifteen and twenty-five, to retain its jarring trochaic meter (one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable). This is done most probably to utilize the provoking effect of that meter; the death of the speaker's loved one disturbs the rhythm of the poem and startles the reader. End rhyme in the poem alternates lines with a few variations and bears little significance; the repeated rhyming words are: "Lee," "sea," "me," and "we." In "Annabel Lee" the speaker argues in lines eleven and twelve that the angels were jealous of the happy couple: "the winged seraphs of heaven coveted her and me." The envious angels, he insists, caused the wind to chill his bride and seize her life. However, he contends, their love, stronger than the love of the older or wiser couples, can never be conquered: And neither the angles in heaven above, Nor the demons down under the sea, Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee. (lines 33-36) The poem's diction immerses the reader into the speaker's fantasy-like realm of love shared with his bride. He begins the poem with the first two lines, "It was many and many a year ago, / In a kingdom by the sea," much like the "once upon a time, in a faraway land" of fairytales. The couple lived with no other thought than to love one another and "loved with a love that was more than love" (9).

Driven to Distraction by Technology :: Pros and Cons of Technology

The past two decades have overwhelmed the human experience with technology, along with all its distractions. The direct relationship between the mind and the body’s ability to adjust from these distractions can be extremely difficult .Further research has shown that it has become an addiction for many. Technology has significantly improved our lives as a whole through experiences such as Global Positioning System (GPS), cell phones and social networking allowing us to communicate with different people around the world. These technologies make our daily lives easier and more efficient. However, this also discusses the effects of technology on various aspects of our everyday personal experiences both with each other and with the world around us. On the other hand technologies such as cell phones have become a problem in getting students to focus in class and distracting drivers and thus, resulting in vehicle accidents. Technology is beneficial, but can also become an inescapable distraction in our lives. It is important to view technology as having the ability to make our lives better or worse, yet also as having the ability to change our personal lives and behavioral patterns. The use of technology makes our daily tasks easier, such as a better sense of direction while driving via a GPS, safety features in our cars such as Auto Drive and Auto Park. These technologies have made driving an easier and enjoyable experience as well as reducing our chances of getting into accidents. The research presented in the following article â€Å"Driven to Distraction [in car technology]† provided surprising conclusions. Professor John D Lee from the University of Iowa states the following issue: â€Å"Technology is changing very quickly. Many of these things coming into the car were not designed to be used in it.†(Edwards 8). He proves that there are a lot of in car technologies in today’s society that can demand our full attention without us even knowing, and can lead to tremendous consequences that can become dangerous distractions on the road. Satellite navigation (GPS) makes our lives easier because it can give us the correct directions to a desir ed address. This is unlike the past where the navigationally challenged would consider it a nightmare to drive to a new location. Furthermore, there are many upsides that technology brings upon students by presenting new ways of learning where technology is being used in the classroom. Within the article â€Å"Cell phones in schools pros and cons† presented by Rujuta Borkar, the advantages of having a cellular phone device in school are through emergency contact, and having a cell phone for security purposes.

Importance of Understanding Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender Essay

Culture is defined â€Å"as a set of values, practices, traditions or beliefs a group shares, whether due to age, race or ethnicity, religion or gender† (Mayhew, 2014). Diversity is â€Å"the inclusion of individuals representing more than one national origin, color, religion, socioeconomic stratum, sexual orientation† (2014). Diversity in the workplace refers to the variety of differences between people in an organization. It can include gender, age, personality, background, race, ethnic group, and much more. It doesn’t just include how people see themselves but how they see others as well and this affect how they act in a work environment. Some of the issues companies have to deal with are communication, adaptability and change. Embracing diversity and accepting and appreciating the differences means individual strengths and weaknesses can be understood and factored into building workplace teams. Recognizing and appreciating cultural differences is only the tip of the iceberg. Subordinate group attitudes that have developed over time may cause them to be defensive. It is necessary to work towards bridging the gap between dominant and subordinate groups to help them to communicate better. Managers and leaders need to step out of their comfort levels and develop knowledge of cultural differences and be sensitive to the fact that there are diversity issues. If you establish relationships at work with people who are different than you, you start to learn about the talent and knowledge that diverse culture can add to your company. Most hospitals have come to the realization that people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, genders, as well as religions, bring with them different values and perspectives. Managers have to make sure that top priority is given to  patient care. If there are misunderstandings between employees related to culture, ethnicity, or gender, it will eventually affect patient care. It is the managers’ duty to keep in mind that it is important to make the hospital unit as diverse as possible but making sure there is also a balance. â€Å"Fortunately, attitudes are changing. Nursing managers in hospitals must creating workplace and educational programs to help nurses overcome discriminatory feelings they may consciously or unconsciously hold toward colleagues or patients.† (Rob & Douglas, 2004) . If there are diverse groups in the unit, there are a number of nurses who think differently and have a different way of looking at patients and their needs. Therefore there is a better chance that patient’s needs will be tended to. Being a lefty for a day is a challenge that left handed people endure on a daily basis. Tasks such as opening a bottle of wine, using a wall mounted pencil sharpener, and turning the pages of a book were all rather difficult. Daily tasks that we don’t think twice about become r a daunting mountain to climb. My mom is a left-handed so in addition to my own experience, I asked her what she has gone through since she was born a lefty. She told me that her mom, my grandmother, would always yell at her for using her left hand to write and do day to day tasks. When my mom would do her homework with her left hand, my grandmother would threaten her and make her use her right hand. Her reason was that left handed people are not â€Å"smart.† In today’s modern day and age, we know and understand that is not the case. â€Å"Forcing a left-handed to be right-handed causes reduced activity in the dominant right hemisphere and increase activity in the non-dominant side. Since creativity and imagination are dominant parts of right brain, they will remain under-developed and the left-side of the brain sees increased activity that deals with reality, facts and logic, characteristics that are opposite of the person’s true potential† (Abbasi, 2011). Forcing people therefore tends to make them slower and do not reach their potential in life. It does seem being a lefty in a right handed world is a very big disadvantage. However, lefty’s do learn to adapt to doing things with both hands making them ambidextrous. So, in the end they gained something, rather than losing something. References Chron. (2007, May 4). Examples of Cultural Differences in the Workplace. Retrieved From the Chron small business website: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-cultural-differences-workplace-11494.html Reason before Passion. (2011, August 8). Never force left-handed child to be right-handed. Retrieved from the Reason before Passion website: http://wasioabbasi.wordpress.com/2011/08/08/never-force-left-handed-child-to-be-right-handed/

Enriching Learning Experience

ENRICHING LEARNING EXPERIENCES Karen Michelle E. Caparos Teaching strategies, learner’s activities and instructional materials really helped in an effective learning process. There are a lot of teaching strategies that caters different kinds of learners and the strategies that will be used vary upon the teacher. Also, there are a lot of activities that a teacher can motivate his/her class to engage into. The instructional materials must be also suited to the activity that will be given.According to Vygotsky (1981), mental functions are acquired through social relationship; learning takes place when the child interacts with peers and adults in a social setting as they act upon the environment. The facilitator of learning must provide meaningful and interactive activities that allow a child to internalize, exposing them to new situation to actively interact with others, engaging in functional and interesting learning experiences. He should give thinking activities, social functi ons of reading and writing activities, and communicative functions of language.Through Vygotsky’s theory, the learning takes place in participating in oral discussion and involving oneself in activities that students will not only learn from the teacher but also learn from the students around them. Knowledge on the stages of development facilitated learning through giving the appropriate activities to the child/ class. Once the teacher knows how to make the learning process enjoyable and interesting it will never make the learner feel afraid, uneasy, and uncomfortable in the class. Thus, it will be a way in order to produce a healthy and conducive atmosphere for learning.

Othello: Literary Essay on Iago Essay

Humans are born with a natural capacity for good and evil. As an individual develops, he or she is taught to distinguish between the two in order to strengthen a sense of right and wrong. Through Shakespeare’s play, ‘Othello’ (Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare, 2000) we are introduced to a meticulously devious character, Iago. Ironically affiliated with the military, a substandard moral compass, channels his unreasonable code of conduct. Well educated on human behaviour, his lack of ethics enables his character to exploit this skill set to deceive those around him, ultimately disguising his true character. Between self-perception, opposing character perceptions and audience perception, Iago portrays a brilliantly, manipulative villain whose two dimensional nature is concealed beneath sheets of false sympathy, integrity and empathy. Beyond all else, Iago considers himself a man of true wit and distinction. In Act I, he furiously declares, â€Å"I know my price† (p. 3). By this statement, he admits to Rodrigo, that upon oversight for the position of first lieutenant, his dedicated service and efforts have been in vain. Having served at the front lines of the war, Iago adamantly deems that his echelon of experience proves him a more deserving candidate, than young Cassio. More so, an over confidence in his abilities, lead to the belief that he is of a superior authority, â€Å"I am worth no worse a place† (ibid). Continuing his argument of non promotion, Iago sees it unbearable, even shameful that he has been regarded with such insignificance. A man of his status and self imposed importance should not be degraded to such a pitiable standard. In having lost out on the appointment, Iago’s pride and dignity have been considerably impaired. Once a devoted soldier under Othello’s command, Iago believed it was his rightful place to gain promotion to lieutenant. When these expectations were not met, it brought out the worst in Iago and the decision was interpreted as a personal offence to his proficiency. Although having already, risen to adequate ranks, Iago could not fathom the injustice. His superior and extensive knowledge had been undermined. In comparison to the present era, this form of ‘injustice’ is experienced frequently in professions where favoured parties lose out on coveted positions to seemingly less experienced oppositions. Victims feel at loss and that their competence has been jeopardised. Due to varying circumstances, these conceited opinions cannot be voiced as it translates into bad character and conduct. Consequently, Iago set out on a conquest for supremacy. Uncannily, abiding by modern day author, Robert Greene’s, â€Å"[Law] 3: Conceal your intentions†, of â€Å"The 48 Laws of Power’ (1998), detailing observational aspects profitable in a rise to command. Within the community of Cyprus, Iago gave no obvious reason for opposing characters to suspect his cunning. In this respect, he was constantly referred to as â€Å"Honest Iago† (p. 41). Specifically, Othello, affectionately used the term, â€Å"Honest Iago, My Desdemona must I leave to thee. I prithee let thy wife attend to her† (ibid). Not only does Othello impart trust with ease, but he mistakes Iago as a dear friend. One who would never think to bring harm to Desdemona or he. This misplacement of faith encourages Iago in his surreptitious endeavours. On several more occasions we witness other characters mistakenly confer with and about Iago’s sincere nature. Following a grave night for Cassio, he bids a farewell of, â€Å"Good night, honest Iago† (p. 99) unaware of Iago’s key role in his ruin. Desdemona continues the chain of mistrust when she speaks, â€Å"O, that’s an honest fellow† (p. 113) of Iago’s phony grievances of Ca ssio’s unfortunate predicament. An individual’s nature can be concealed in various forms within the company he keeps, â€Å"Law 12: Use selective honesty and generosity to disarm your victims† (Greene, 1998). Iago, around such company manipulates and deceives his companions that he is faithful. Having grasped an understanding of human behavior, this wisdom is disposed through cruelty and brutality. In persuading the Cyprus population of his sincerity, unknown to the other characters, Iago fuels his perception of his superiority. Such is his wit that for a much of the play, his deceit goes undetected. When it appears that a character may unknowingly expose Iago’s ulterior motives, he buries the potential realisation beneath artificial concern. Among the audience, the consensus is that Iago is purely composed of arrogance, jealousy and hostility. Triumphant in his succession to provide false evidence of Cassio’s incompetence, Iago announces, â€Å"And what’s he then that says I play the villain, When this advice is free I give and honest†(Shakespeare, p. 99). Arrogance radiates from his gloating manner, of having provided Cassio with ingenious and true advice. Jealousy held as incentive to which Iago brought about the demotion and discredit of Cassio. Moreover, this envy fuelled his ploy in planting a seed of convincing doubt to which Othello was wrongly mislead that his wife, Desdemona, was unfaithful. Not only in determining the detriment of the Moor’s marriage, Iago displayed hostility through his own relationship with Emilia, â€Å"To have a foolish wife† (p. 133), consistent with yet another law, â€Å"Law 20: Do not commit to anyone†, (Greene, 1998). Only to the audience is Iago’s evil nature revealed for a significant portion of the play. We are exposed to his ulterior motives, lies and ultimate betrayal, â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him† (Shakespeare, p. 5). Unlike any other character in the play, Iago is not fazed by the level of destruction he causes, neither to whom. In subsequent scenes, viewers witness the steady yet gradual downfall of the Moor. Unsuspecting, characters, indirectly aid Iago’s cause, particularly his ignorant, praise seeking wife, Emilia, which furthermore increases his arrogance of his unmatched brilliance. To the audience each move Iago makes is calculated methodically and only adds to the current chaos of the present scene. Iago possesses an astute two dimensional disposition. His objective throughout the play is to ensure the Moor’s eventual ruin. He becomes the bane of Othello’s existence, through conniving, unforgivable means, only recognized by the audience if not himself. Born of a natural capacity for good and evil, it is evident that Iago acquires no good, a concept hidden from other characters within the play. In relation to the present, Iago demonstrates the extremity to which an individual will go in order to sabotage the happiness and prosperity of an enemy. Persecutors hold a high opinion of themselves, as Iago displayed. Yet, by all means this strategy to pursue such an attack is achieved through clandestine, surreptitious modes. Iago can distinguish between right and wrong but still, he opts for the latter. As Nobel Prize laureate, William Golding, once said, â€Å"We need more humanity, more care, more love. There are those who expect a political system to produce that; and others who expect the love to produce the system.† (Nobel Lecture, Dec 7, 1983). Humanity is defenceless against the erroneous nature of individuals like Iago. Repeatedly throughout ‘Othello’ (Shakespeare, 2000), his master scheme endures unnoticed. As children, we are prompted to ‘recognise virtue and vice’ (Zak. J. P. The Moral Molecule, 2011) to instil a sense of ethicality, nonetheless, alongside such vindictive figures like Iago, the ‘system’ (Nobel Lecture, 1983), political or military, regresses on any potential advancement, stunting ‘humanity, more care, more love’ (ibid). Humanity is susceptible to evil, regardless encouragement otherwise. As long as rouges exist, an eternal battle will ensue between good and bad, unmistakably demonstrated through I ago’s performance. Bibliography Novel References Gray, C. (Series 2000). Othello. Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare. London: Briddles Ltd. Website References Golding, G. W. (Dec 7, 1983). Nobel Lecture. Retrieved Aug 27, 2013, from http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1983/golding-lecture.html Keltner, D. (2007-08). The Power Paradox. Retrieved Aug 28, 2013 from http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/power_paradox Unknown Author. (No date). The 48 Laws of Power. Retrieved Aug 28, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_48_Laws_of_Power Zak, J. P. (Feb 10, 2011). The Moral Molecule: Are Humans Good or Evil?. Retrieved Aug 28, 2013 from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-moral-molecule/201102/are-humans-good-or-evil